

sr"% 



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('op\Tiglil A'". 



CKHYHKUIT DETOSIT, 



BY THE SAME AUTHOR 

FLOWER GARDENING 

About 200 pp., 5 X T| in. 
Illustrated with many photographs 
$1.20 net; postage 10c. 

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64 pp., 4^- X 6| in. 
Illustrated with photographs 

50c net; postage 6c. 



LILIES 




L. candid um — uie nui donna lilv 



LILIES 



BEING ONE OF A SERIES 
OF FLOWER MONOGRAPHS 



by;. 



H3f4)^ADAMS 

Author of 

'Making a Bock Garden' 

etc. 



NEW YORK 

McBRIDE, NAST & COMPANY 

1913 



Q 

Copyright, 1913, by * q<^ 4*' 

McBride, Nast & Co. \ '1 h^ 



Published, February, 1913 



©C1.A332819 







CONTENTS 




i 

k 


CHAPTEB 

I 


Introduction 


PAGE 
. 1 




II 


Sub-Genera, with Principal Species . 3 




III 


Geographical Distribution . . . 


. 6 




IV 


LniTF,s For Northern Gardens . 


. 11 




V 


Tender and Capricious Lilies . , 


. 24 




VI 


Planting For the Best Effects . 


. 30 




VII 


Essential Cultural Points 


. 38 




VIII 


Lilies Under Glass .... 


.. .. 47 




IX 


Propagation 


. . 51 




X 


Insect Pests and Diseases . 


. . 54 




XI 


TiU-iEs AS Cut Flowers . 


. . 56 




XII 


Species, Varieties and Hybrids 


. . 59 




XIII 


Lilies That Are Not Lilies . 


. . 101 






Bibliography op Lilies . . . 


. . 106 






Index • i,i .♦; -•: ■•' .• .♦ . 


, . 109 



THE ILLUSTEATIONS 

L. candidum — the madonna lily . . Frontispiece ' 

rACINQ PAGB 

L. pardalinum — the panther lily 6 ^' 

L. philadelphicum — the Philadelphia lily ... 6 / 
L. speciosum — the handsome lily — among rho- 
dodendrons 12 

L. speciosum var. ruhrum — the red handsome lily 16 ^ 

L. croceum — the orange lily 20 - 

L. testaceum — the Nankeen lily 20 '"^ 

L. sidphureum — the sulphur lily 28 '*" 

L. tigrinum — ^the tiger lily 36*^ 

L. Eansoni — Hanson's lily 46*^ 

L. auratum — the gold-banded lily 54^ 

L. longiflorum — the Easter lily 58'" 

L. Brownii — Brown's lily 64- 

L. elegans — the Thunbergian lily 72^ 

L. Leichtlini — Leiehtlin's lily 72^ 

L. monadelphum — the Caucasian lily .... 82'/' 

L. myriophyllum in the garden 86' 

L. canadense — the Canada lily 96 

L. tenuifolium — the coral lily 96 

L. tigrinum J var. flore-pleno — the double tiger lily 100 



LILIES 

OHAPTEE I 

INTRODUCTION 

Of all flowers, none is more beautiful than 
tlie lily. Nor is any more famous in song, in 
story and in art, or more sanctified by long 
garden association. Indeed, from remote an- 
tiquity, only the rose and the violet have been 
so strongly intrenched in the hearts of the peo- 
ple. 

Yet, of all flowers, the lily is among the most 
neglected. Especially is this true of American 
gardens. Lilies have been cultivated in them 
since early colonial days, but the pioneer ma- 
donna lily is far from common even in New 
England and Virginia, where it doubtless had 
its first foothold. The old orange lily is toler- 
ably scarce and the tiger lily has made no more 
than a fair amount of headway. Add the aura- 
tum and speciosum and the list of those that 

1 



2 LILIES 

are so much as tolerably familiar figures in the 
home garden stops at five. This despite the 
fact that there are a score or more of easy 
species, with numerous varieties and hybrids. 
And how many kinds of lilies are frequently 
seen in the greenhouse? Just one. Here are 
other glorious opportunities. In short what L. 
H. Bailey said in 1900 : ' ^ Dozens of magnificent 
lilies are practically unknown" is quite as true 
to-day — ^more 's the pity. 

In the hope of helping to bring the lily into 
its own here, in both garden and greenhouse, 
this book has been written. 



CHAPTEE n 

SUB-GENERA, WITH PRI:N'CIPAL SPECIES 

The species of Lilium, the typical genus of 
the order Liliaceae, are divided by Baker into 
si:s: .groups, or sub-genera. For the most part 
the distinction lies in the shape and the ar- 
rangement of the blossoms. The sixth group is 
important only to the collector and sometimes 
is omitted altogether in the classification of this 
flower. 

There are differences of opinion as to the 
technical correctness of this division and also 
as to which group some of the lilies belong. 
Both are far less serious differences in the gar- 
den than in the botanist's mind. 

This list is not complete ; it includes only the 
principal species. 

1. Cardiolanum (heart-leaved). White blossoms, 
funnel-shaped. Leaves stalked, heart-shaped, ovate. 

cordifolium giganteum 

3 



4: LILIES 

2. EuLiRiON (true lilies). Large, funnel or trum- 
pet-shaped blossoms, but shorter; mostly white or 
light tints. Lanceolate leaves. 



Brownii 


Parryi 


candidum 


philippineTise 


japonicum 


primidinum 


longiflorum 


ruhellum 


Lowii 


sidpkureum 


myriophyllum 


WalUchianum 


neilgherrense 


Washingtonianum 


nepalense 





3. Archelirion. Blossoms large, funnel-shaped, 
but open, the divisions spreading -wide and turned 
back; pistil curved forward and stamens diverging 
from it. 

auratum speciosum 

Henryi tigrinum 

4. IsoLiRiON (upright-flowered lilies). Blossoms 
erect, more or less cup-shaped and generally early 
expanding ; mostly orange or reddish orange. 



hidhiferum 


dauricum 


Cateshaei 


elegans 


concolor 


medeoloides 


coridion 


philadelphicum 


croceum 


Wallacei 



5. Martagon. Blossoms mostly Turk's cap, or 
turn-cap type, the bell shape of L. canadense being an 





SUB-GENEEA 


exception. About half of the species have 


Schorls. 




avenaceum 


Leichtlini 


callosum 


maritimum 


canadense 


Mart agon 


carniolicum 


monadelphum 


chalcedonicum 


pardalinum 


columUanum 


parviflorum 


Grayi 


parvum 


Hansoni 


polyphyllum 


Heldreichi 


pomponmm 


Eumholdtii 


pyrenaicum 


Jcmkae 


superhum 


Kelloggii 


tenmfoUum 




testaceum 



6. NoTHOLiRiON. Has only two species, that appear 
to be a link between the lily and the fritillary and 
are of difficult garden culture. 



Hookeri 



roseum 



CHAPTER III 

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION" 

Lilies are flowers of temperate regions — ■ 
which is fortunate indeed, as it makes a great 
many of the species available for gardens that 
have their extremely cold months and brings 
all of the others within the range of climates 
where the winter weather is mild. 

The family is found only in the northern 
hemisphere. In North America the lily belt 
runs across the upper part of the United States 
and strays over the Canadian border; but it 
resolves itself into two important centers, one 
taking in California, Oregon and Washington 
and the other the northeastern states. In the 
western group are L. pardalinum, L. Washing- 
tonianum, L. parvum^ L. Parryi, L. coliim- 
hianum, L. maritimum^ L. Humholdtii^ L. Kel- 
loggii and L. parviflorimt, constituting a list of 
admirable species in which American gardeners 
should take at least as much pride of cultiva- 
tion as do the English. Of these, L, Washing- 

6 




IS 






-4 




13 



GEOGRAPHICAL DISTEIBUTION 7 

tonianum is tlie nearest approacli to an Ameri- 
can white lily that there is. In the eastern 
group L. superhvm and L. canadense, which 
range from New Brunswick to the nearer south 
and as far west as Minnesota and Missouri, and 
L, pMladelpMcum, which is found from New 
England to North Carolina and as far west as 
the other two, are the chief species. The others, 
L. carolinianum, L, Grayi and L. Cateshaei are, 
respectively, so similar to the preceding as to 
seem southern variations; they are not found 
north of Virginia. Indeed, L. carolinianum is 
not always classed as a species. 

Europe has lilies so far north as the lower 
part of Scandinavia, but most of the species are 
natives of the more southerly countries. Here, 
too, there is only one white lily, L. candidum, 
which is one of a few that recognize no geo- 
graphical line between Europe and nearest 
Asia. Other important European species are 
L. Martagon, which also wanders into Asia; 
L. croceum, L, hulbiferum, L. chalcedonicum, L, 
pomponium, L, carniolicum^ L, pyrenaicum and 
L. Jankae. These include, in L. candidum, the 
most beautiful of all garden lilies and several 
others than which none is more useful in the 
hardy border. 



8 LILIES 

In j^sia the great lily center is Japan and 
China, but the zone extends north into Siberia, 
and south to the Neilgherry hills of India and 
takes in the extreme west as well. Here are 
found all of the pure white and whitish lilies 
save one in each class and all of the pure pink 
and pink-tinged ones, as well as the most glow- 
ing red and orange kinds. Japan has fur- 
nished the incomparable list of L. auratum, L. 
speciosum, L. longiflorum, L. japonicum, L. 
Hansoniy L. elegans, L. rubellum, L, Wallacei, 
L, LeicMlini, L. medeoloides, L, dauricum, L. 
cordifolium, L. coridion and L. callosum; China, 
L. Henryi, L. myriophyllum, L. tenuifolium and 
L. yunnanense, and the two countries together, 
L, tigrinum, L, Broivnii, L. concolor and L. 
avenaceum. Of these, L. tenuifolium^ L. dauri- 
cum and L. concolor are natives of Siberia also. 
In India are found L. nepalense and L. neilgher- 
rense; in Burmah, L. Lowii, L, sulphur eum and 
L. primidinum; in the Himalayas, L. giganteum, 
L. Wallichianum and L, polyphyllum and in 
Persia, extending to Caucasus, L, monadelphum. 
The lihes of India and Burmah, unfortunately, 
are among the most tender as well as among the 
most beautiful. 

There is, apparently, a certain kinship be- 



GEOGEAPHICAL DISTEIBUTION 9 

tween lily species that are widely separated 
geographically. What L. philadelphicum is to 
America, for example, L. elegans and L. dauri- 
cum are to Asia and L. croceum is to Europe. 
Again, the L, superhum of the eastern United 
States differs immaterially from the western 
L. pardalinum, while L. Hansoni might be called 
an Asiatic counterpart and L. Jankae a Euro- 
pean one. Then there are the American L. 
canadense and L, maritimum, the Asiatic L. 
monadelphum and the European L. pomponium 
that in form, if not so closely matched in color, 
put another lily girdle around the earth. 
Finally, L. Washingtonianum on this side of 
the Pacific, must be distantly related to the 
white and whitish trumpet lilies of the other 
side. 

It is probable that there remain no undis- 
covered lilies. The only hope of any new spe- 
cies seems to be Cliina — now the world's great 
botanical reserve and the lure of the most 
ardent inland voyages of discovery. 

Just when the lily map was changed by the 
entry of this flower into garden cultivation it 
is impossible to say; doubtless the earliest 
movement from the wild is lost in antiquity. 
However, it is going far enough back into the 



10 LILIES 

past to say that L, candidum has been grown in 
English gardens since 1596 and this mnst have 
been the first kind to cross the Atlantic. Soon 
after, L. Martagon, L, croceum and L. chalce- 
donicum probably found their way northward. 
Eight kinds of lilies are mentioned in 
Gerard's Herbal (1597), but of these it is 
difficult to identify any excepting L, candicum 
and L. hulhiferum. In 1629, '^Paradisi in 
Sole Paradisus Terrestris" speaks of L, pom- 
ponium, L. cJialcedonicum, L, carniolicum, L. 
Martagon and L, pyrenaicum, as well as L, 
canadense, which therefore appears to be the 
pioneer American lily in Europe. While the 
eighteenth century saw a few more lilies in gar- 
dens, it was not until the last century found 
Japan and China open to western commerce and 
California a new field of venture because of the 
gold craze, that the real rush of lilies into cul- 
tivation began. The discovery of lilies, in 
short, is largely coincident with the entrance of 
the Pacific into the world's trade. 



CHAPTER ly 

LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS 

Att. lilies are beautiful; one could pick at 
random and draw a prize. But the choice, so 
far as American gardens that know a real win- 
ter is concerned, necessarily is limited to a 
ismaller number than the eighty or so known 
species. And there are some lilies that are 
rather too finicky for culture without extraordi- 
nary regard for their particular requirements. 
With these deductions from the list, however, 
there remain quite enough lilies in either the 
easy or the not very difficult class to constitute 
nothing less than an embarrassment of riches. 
No garden need be without at least one lily. 

There being nothing but want of trying to 
stand in the way, let that one be the madonna 
lily (L. candidum). This is not only the loveli- 
est of lilies, but the hardiest white kind. It is 
so adaptive to ordinary garden conditions that 
frequently it will stay in one spot for a genera- 
tion or more if undisturbed. Ben Jonson 

11 



12 LILIES 

meant the madonna lily when, years ago, lie 
asked: **Have you seen but a whyte lillie 
MowT' And it is to it that Maeterlinck refers 
when he says : * ' The great white Lily, the old 
lord of the gardens, the only authentic prince 
among all the commonalty issuing from the 
kitchen-garden, the ditches, the copses, the 
pools and the moors, among the strangers come 
from none knows where, with his invariable six- 
petalled chalice of silver, whose nobility dates 
back to that of the gods themselves — the im- 
memorial Lily raises his ancient sceptre, august, 
inviolate, which creates around it a zone of 
chastity, silence and light." Certainly either 
of these quotations is appealing enough to bring 
to every American dooryard that knows it not, 
the lily of lilies — the emblem of purity, the in- 
spiration of poet and painter for centuries and 
a benediction in the garden when June is melt- 
ing into July. Of the two types, the one with 
wide petals is the better. 

The next best garden lily, if sheer loveliness 
as well as complete hardiness be considered, is 
L. speciosum; which has no adequate common 
name. Handsome lily is indefinite and the old 
name, Japan lily, is confusing. Though a gar- 
den flower in the western world since 1830, it 




L. speciosnm— the handsome lily— among rho- 
dodendrons 



LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS 13 

does not begin to be grown as much as its merits 
warrant. These merits include late August and 
early September bloom, thus extending the lily 
season. There are both white and colored va- 
rieties. The white has a faint greenish stripe 
down each petal and it is one of the best of cool- 
looking flowers for midsummer. It deserves 
the widest cultivation — ^with, rather than in 
preference to, the type ; which is white, faintly 
flushed and spotted with crimson. If more 
rosiness is desired, add the admirable variety 
Melpomene, which is quite a deep crimson mar^ 
gined with white. There are a number of other 
good kinds, running into somewhat confused 
nomenclature; but more minute distinctions 
than these three may well be left to Dutch, 
Japanese and English horticulturalists to set- 
tle among themselves. The so-called yellow 
speciosum is L. Henryi, 

For its like hardiness, its glowing color and 
its roimding out of a little lily season of three 
months by blooming late in July and early in 
August, the tiger lily (L. tigrinum) is well en- 
titled to third place. The particular shade of 
orange red, spotted with deep purple, is alto- 
gether unique among tall lilies and, when rightly 
employed, is a valuable tone in garden painting. 



14 LILIES 

This is tlie one true lily that has so far Amer- 
icanized itself as to have become an ^'escape"; 
it is occasionally found wandering ont to the 
roadside from places where there was once a 
garden. The finest of the several varieties is 
L. t, splendens. The double form, though the 
best double lily, is not worth while. 

Were its bloom not virtually coincident with 
that of L. candidum^ third place would be given 
to the orange lily (L. croceum). It is ^^iron 
clad," having stood the cottage garden test — 
and there is no better recommendation for a lily 
— time beyond memory. The bright orange 
hue is wonderfully rich and glowing and the 
erect blossoms are set so closely together that 
the color is even more amenable to bold effects 
than that of the tiger lily. 

These four lilies would glorify any garden 
and may be called a perfectly safe, if not the 
safest, quartet for northern precedence. Their 
selection, however, is purely arbitrary. An- 
other, for perhaps quite as good reasons, might 
make a somewhat different choice ; for example, 
L. tigrinum splendens, L. speciosum rub rum 
and L. tenuifolium have been grouped as the 
most desirable three lilies for everyone. And 
there you are. In the end it is the individual 



LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS 15 

who must decide what is best for his particular 
garden — best after considering not only his per- 
sonal preferences but climate, soil, shade, shel- 
ter and other conditions. From this point to 
the end of the chapter, therefore, precedence of 
mention will have nothing to do with precedence 
of desirability. 

If any lily is magnificent it is the gold-banded 
lily (L. auratum). Its color — ^white, spotted 
sparsely with reddish brown and each petal 
banded longitudinally with yellow — is compara- 
tively modest, but there is a richness and ele- 
gance to it all that is singularly impressive in 
the July and August garden. Then there is the 
size of the blossoms — sometimes a full foot 
across, making this the largest of all lilies. The 
gold-banded lily has been in cultivation half a 
century, but its garden progress has been ren- 
dered pitiably slow by the fact that, though 
perfectly hardy, it is not in the easiest class. 
It rarely does its best in ordinary conditions 
and, for some reason or other, it is apt to peter 
out after two or three seasons, making frequent 
renewal necessary. 

The Martagon lily (L. Martagon) is one of 
the most graceful of border lilies, yet it is rarely 
seen in American gardens. The finest kind is 



16 LILIES 

L. M, album, a pure white variety of singular 
cliarm and one that should be widely planted. 
The type, known as the purple Martagon lily, 
is dull purplish pink — somewhat spotted. It 
offers a striking garden hue, that deepens to 
wine color in L. M. dalmaticum and to almost 
black in L. M, Cattaneae, two of the best ot the 
colored varieties. The double form is of no 
value. The scarlet Martagon lily (L. cJialce- 
donicum) is a distinct species that is quite as 
worthy of wider recognition. Its bright red 
turbans are a real delight. There are some im- 
provements of the type; the best is L. c. excel- 
siim. The Martagon lilies bloom in June and 
July. 

One of the erect lilies, L. croceum, has been 
mentioned already. Some of the lower species 
are extremely valuable in the hardy garden be- 
cause of their dwarf or dwarfish stature as well 
as for running the gamut of color from lemon 
through all the yellows to red. Excepting for 
their height and less vigorous growth, the two 
chief species, L, dauricum and L. elegans, are 
enough like Jv. croceum to deceive many a flower- 
lover. Add to this the fact that the former is 
identical with L. davuricwn and L. umhellatum 
and the latter with L. dahuricum, L. lancifolium 




L. speciosiim var. ntbrnm — the red handsome 
lily 



LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS 17 

and L, Thunhergianum and tliat the blood of 
both is mixed with each other and with L. 
croceum, and the confusion is worse confounded. 
The best way is to pick out some good varieties 
and let the authenticity of the species go to pot. 
In the elegans class the variety Batemanniae, 
sometimes called L. Batemanniae, is an exqui- 
sitely beautiful late-flowering apricot variety 
that grows as high as four feet. Of the dwarfs, 
Prince of Orange is a fine early apricot variety, 
Orange Queen all that its name implies and 
Alice Wilson a good pale yellow. The type is 
orange and less planted than the varieties and 
hybrids, which are the most numerous of any 
lily. Orange is also the type color of L. dauri- 
cum, but it is flushed with red and spotted with 
black. Of the varieties and hybrids, Diadem, 
bright crimson with a yellow band down each 
petal; Sensation, deep orange flushed with 
brownish red ; incomparabile, deep crimson, and 
Sappho, light orange tipped with red, are all 
admirable. June and July are the blooming 
months. The bulb-bearing lily (L. hulbiferum) 
is similar to L, dauricum, but the type has 
brighter orange red blossoms and there are bul- 
bils in the leaf axils. It is a very old, hardy 
garden plant, with a blooming season extending 



18 LILIES 

from July to August. Then, in tlie same erect 
class, there is the red star lily (L. concolor), a 
bright scarlet species, spotted red, that makes 
a very good Asiatic substitute for the American 
L, philadelphicum where the latter does not do 
well. It blooms in June and July and is quite 
dwarf. The varieties Coridion, rich yellow; 
Partheneion, scarlet flushed with yellow, and 
pulchellum, deep crimson, are all good. 

American lilies are grown mostly in English 
gardens — ^where every one of the species is 
treasured. The lack of home appreciation is 
nothing short of deplorable. One of the noblest 
of them, the swamp lily (L. superhum), will 
flourish amazingly in an ordinary border if it 
has only so much as a ground cover; in these 
circumstances, without its wonted peaty soil and 
moisture, it has been known to raise a cluster 
of nearly thirty bells full seven feet above the 
ground. Its orange blossoms, flushed with 
scarlet, spotted with brown and strongly re- 
curved, are excellent for heightening the gar- 
den skyline in July and August. The some- 
what similar panther lily (L. pardalinum) of 
the extreme West is quite as excellent for a like 
purpose. The blossoms, coming in July, are a 
rather bright red, the lower parts of the petals 



LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS 19 

being orange with red spots. There are a num- 
ber of varieties, some of which are occasionally 
listed as species. Of its hybrids, Burbank's 
lily (L. Burhanki) is especially good. The 
Carolina lily (L. carolinianum) is hardy in the 
North, but is less striking than L. superhum and 
L, pardalinum. The Canada lily (L. canaden- 
se) lends itself to July garden use with the 
same readiness and, though less showy, both 
the yellow and the red types are to be generally 
recommended. Gray's lily (L. Grayi) is so 
nearly like the red form of L, canadense that 
it is scarcely worth while to have the two ex- 
cepting in a lily collection. The Oregon lily 
(L. columhianum) grows readily in eastern 
gardens, but its small, golden-yellow blos- 
soms, spotted with red, are among the least 
effective of lily blooms. It flowers in June 
and July. 

The Nankeen lily {L. testaceum) , though one 
of the choicest of border lilies and quite hardy, 
is rarely seen in American gardens. The dull 
apricot tone that gives it its name, set off by 
orange anthers, puts it in a color class by itself. 
Few lilies are more graceful. This lily, which 
blooms in June and July, has never been found 
growing wild; but it is regarded as a natural 



20 LILIES 

hybrid of L. candidu^n and either E. cJialcedoni- 
cum or L. pomponium. 

Among the oldest and hardiest of border lilies 
is the turban lily (L. pomponium). The type is 
vermilion red and not unlike the scarlet Marta- 
gon lily, but it blooms earlier — ^in June. The 
variety L, p, aureum is possibly the same as the 
yellow Turk's cap lily (L. pyrenaicum) or the 
similar L. JanJcae. In any event, both of these 
are meritorious yellow lilies. The smaller L. 
carnioliciim is a good vermilion red lily for July. 

Hanson's lily (L. Hansoni) is a Japanese va- 
riety that ought to be better known, as it is quite 
hardy and not at all difficult of culture. The 
color is bright orange, spotted with brown and 
the reflexed petals are very thick and waxen. 
It blooms in June and July and runs up to a 
height of four or five feet. The Marhan lily 
(L. Marhan) is a most attractive hybrid of it, 
the other parent being L, Martagon album. 
The color is a tawny orange, curiously spotted 
and streaked with reddish brown and the backs 
of the petals whitish. It has the Martagon 
habit and the blooming period is coincident with 
that of L. Hansoni. 

Of the white, or whitish, lily species, the only 
one save L. candidum that can be placed in the 




L. tcsfaceum — the Nankeen lily 




L. croceum — the orange lily 



LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS 21 

first rank of reliability is Brown's lily (L. 
Brownii), The sole drawback is that it re- 
quires replanting every few years. Tbis is in- 
deed a hardy garden treasure of July and 
August. The blossoms, usually solitary, are of 
the size and shape of the Easter lily; but they 
are suffused with reddish brown on the outside 
and the anthers are brown. There is a variety, 
Chloraster, that is sutfused with green and the 
varieties leucanthum and odorum are creamy 
yellow. 

A somewhat similar newcomer, from China, 
that appears to be both hardy and vigorous in 
American gardens is L. myriophyllum. Its 
funnel-shaped white blossoms, flushed with yel- 
low in the center and the outside of the petals 
streaked with brown and tipped with pink, and 
its fine, narrow foliage commend it to general 
culture. It bears some resemblance to L, 
Broivnii leucanthum, but has more refinement 
and it blooms a little earlier — in July. 

Although neither Brown's lily nor L. myri- 
ophyllum has the purity of the species best 
known as Easter lily (L. longiflorum) , the last- 
named is less to be preferred in the colder gar- 
den zone. It is hardy enough to have endured 
the winter so far north as Ottawa ; but, unless 



22 LILIES^ 

given Tinusiial care, responds indifferently and 
must be renewed with frequency. The type, 
from Japan, is the best for planting out in the 
North; bulbs from Bermuda (L. Harrisii) 
might prove too tender. The variety Wilsoni 
is a fine one. 

For a rather pale yellow color nothing is bet- 
ter than the Caucasian lily (L. monadelphum) . 
The yellow is slightly tinged with purple and 
the anthers are a rich orange. It blooms in 
July and the stalks may run up as high as six 
feet. The variety Szovitzianum, sometimes 
called L. Szovitzianum, is straw color, spotted 
with black and has brown anthers. It is rather 
to be preferred to the type, but either makes a 
fine display. 

The littlest of all, the coral lily (L. tenuifo- 
lium), is far too charming to have its present 
slight recognition. Coming as it does from Si- 
beria and northern China, it is quite at home 
in gardens where the winter is severe; but, as 
it is a fairy among lilies, it is apt to be choked 
to death by neighboring giants. While it has a 
way of being at its best in its fourth year and 
then perishing, it is readily renewed by seed. 
The coral lily's little waxen, and strongly re- 
curved, bells are deep scarlet and with from six 



LILIES FOR NORTHERN GARDENS 23 

to ten of them on a stalk the contrast with the 
dark green foliage is charming. The average 
height is about a foot and a half and the blos- 
soms appear in June and July. The variety 
pumilum is taller and stouter and there is a 
very beautiful clear apricot kind called Golden 
Gleam. 

Here then are no less than twenty-eight lily 
species and two hybrids, with a great many 
varieties more or less distinctive, from which to 
choose without going outside of the range of 
hardy garden safety. Surely it is a generous 
enough list in point of numbers and it draws 
upon all the five important sub-genera, save only 
the heart-leaved lilies. 



CHAPTER V 

TENDER AND CAPRICIOUS LILIES 

Fortunate indeed are the gardens that may 
open their gates to all the lilies. Such there 
are, lingering somewhere between northern and 
sub-tropical climes — with winters not too cold, 
nor yet too hot. For them are the glorious 
company of the tender and capricious lilies — 
those that will live in northern gardens only at 
the expense of overmuch coddling, if at all. 

In this class, reluctantly, is placed the won- 
derful giant lily of the Himalayas (L. gigan- 
teum). This is a hardy lily and in some parts 
of England has been naturalized in woods ; but 
it is not quite hardy enough to stand a very cold 
winter without an uncommon amount of protec- 
tion. Even then there is a vast ditference be- 
tween merely blooming and attaining to perfec- 
tion — ^which means throwing up a stalk ten to 
fourteen feet tall, with very fine heart-shaped 
foliage and crowned in July and August with 
from a dozen to a score of trumpet-shaped blos- 

24 



rTENDER AND CAPEICIOUS LILIES 25 

soms, nine inclies long and five inches wide 
across the month. These blossoms pass as 
white, bnt actually they are tinged with purple 
inside and green outside. In the evening air 
their fragrance, though powerful, is very de- 
lightful. The heart-leaved lily (L. cordifolium) 
is a similar, but smaller and generally inferior, 
Japanese species of like tenderness and bloom- 
ing about a month later. The variety Giehnii 
is the hardiest form of it. 

It is no less trying to put the only two clear 
pink lilies into the tender class; but they, too, 
do not quite belong outside of it. These are 
Kramer's lily (L. japoniciim) and the reddish 
lily (L, ruhelhim), both Japanese species and 
with such points of resem.blance that the latter 
has been thought by some to be a smaller form 
of the other. They differ also in the point that 
L, ruhellum has less open blossoms, broader 
leaves and shorter stems. Both are among the 
loveliest of lilies, their rose color and general 
refinement being hard to match. Kramer's lily 
is sometimes sold as L. Krameri, The very 
"choice whitish variety, Alexandrae, is not hardy 
also ; another variety, Colchesterense, which re- 
sembles L. Broivnii, is rather more so. In mild 
parts of England L. ruhellum is fairly hardy 



26 LILIES 

and on the whole is more reliable outdoors than 
Kramer's lily. It is one of the earliest of lilies, 
May and June. Kramer's lily follows in July 
and August. 

While Henry's lily (L. Eenryi) is called a 
hardy and vigorous border subject, it is difficult 
when it has to contend with extremely cold 
weather conditions. Still it well deserves its 
place among the preferred lilies for American 
gardens and the hope is that in them it will 
eventually attain to the superb luxuriance of 
bloom and foliage that it displays in England. 
There, where it rarely fails, it has been known 
to run up to twelve feet in height and to bear 
as many as thirty of its deep salmon orange 
blossoms on a stalk. It used to be called the 
yellow speciosum, as it is quite like L. speciosum 
in both form and habit. The blooming season 
is the same — July and August. 

Several of the American lilies are either 
rather tender or capricious, or both. These 
include, unfortunately, three of the finest of the 
lot, the Washington lily (L. W ashing tonianum), 
Humboldt's lily (L. Humholdtii) and Parry's 
lily (L, Parryi), The Washington lily, which 
flowers in June, is regarded as one of the best 
of western lilies for eastern gardens; but it is 



TENDER AND CAPRICIOUS LILIES 27 

nevertheless some what difficult of culture, even 
in England. It is a wood lily, from three to 
five feet tall, and the white funnel-shaped blos- 
soms are tinged with pink or red and dotted 
with purple. A smaller variety, rubescens, is 
white changing to pink and the variety pur- 
pureum is a distinct pinkish lilac kind from the 
Siskiyou mountains. These varieties perhaps 
account for the confusing color descriptions of 
this lily. Humboldt's lily, a tall reddish yel- 
low species spotted with maroon and blooming 
in June and July, resembles L. superhum, but 
is showier. It is in the capricious class. 
Parry's lily (L. Parryi) grows readily in gar- 
dens and comes into bloom at the same time, 
but is not very strong in cultivation. The 
citron hue, shaded with light brown on the inner 
bases, and the brown anthers, make it one of 
the most beautiful of yellow lilies. Of the 
others, the wood lily (L. pJiiladelphicum) , 
though perfectly hardy, needs coddling in the 
garden to keep it there. Where it can be made 
to stay, it is a handsome little lily, erect and 
with scarlet blossoms, the yellow center being 
dotted with maroon. The season is July and 
August. Its near relative, the southern red 
lily (L. Cateshaei) is quite similar and blooms 



28 LILIES 

in July. It is tender and therefore rather un- 
reliable in northern gardens. Kellogg 's lily 
(L. Kelloggii), pinkish purple with maroon 
spots and somewhat resembling the purple 
Martagon lily; the coast lily (L. maritimum), 
a slender species with reddish orange blossoms 
spotted with purple, and the little lily L. par- 
vum, light orange tipped with red, are a trio 
of quite delicate California lilies. 

All of the very beautiful lilies of India and 
Burmah are so sadly tender that when any of 
them has been made to bloom well in gardens 
it has been in such mild parts of England as 
Cornwall and Devonshire. The Nepaul lily (L. 
nepalense), has flowered in such circumstances. 
This is a large lily, greenish yellow with a deep 
purple base. The Neilgherry lily (L. neilgher- 
rense) is more funnel-shaped in form, but pale 
yellow. Both bloom in September, making 
them doubly unsafe in cold climates. The sul- 
phur lily (L, sulphur eum) is another September 
lily, and fairly hardy for its class. The trum- 
pet-shaped blossoms are creamy white, suffused 
with yellow inside and tinged with red outside. 
It is comparatively easily in cultivation. Of 
the same form, but a soft primrose yellow color, 
is L, primidinum. Low's lily (L. Lowii) is a 




L. siilphvireum — the sulphur lily 



TENDER AND CAPRICIOUS LILIES 29 

handsome bell-shaped species, white spotted 
with purple, that blooms in September. Wal- 
lieh's lily (L. W allichianum) , white tinged with 
green and funnel-shaped, is a July lily that is 
very difficult as well as very tender. The west- 
ern Himalayan species, L. polyphyllum^ green- 
ish yellow tinged inside with purple and turban- 
shaped, and the Philippine form of L. 
longiflorum {L. philippinense) , are in the same 
class. With heavy protection, L. philippinense 
has been wintered successfully in Ohio. 

Of the other species the oat-scale lily (L. 
avenaceum), a red Japanese kind similar to 
L. tenui folium, is delicately constituted. The 
similar orange red L. medeoloides and the scar- 
let L. callosum, as well as Leichtlin's lily (L. 
Leichtlini)y pale yellow with purple spots, are 
three more Japanese species that are not easily 
cultivated. 



CHAPTER VI 

PLANTING FOR THE BEST EFFECTS 

NowHEEE in tlie garden can lilies be said to 
be out of place ; the worst of circumstances will 
not close the eye to their beauty. There is, 
nevertheless, all the difference in the world, so 
far as effect is concerned, between the proper 
and the improper planting of lilies. 

The ideal way to plant lilies would be in a 
lily garden. The lines from ^^Troilus and 
Cressida," 

* ' Give me swift transportanee to those fields. 
Where I may wallow in the Lily beds, ' ' 

suggest such a place apart. Who would not 
like to wallow, mentally and sentimentally, in 
a garden full of lilies ! To come down to earth, 
R. W. Wallace, the English lily expert, makes 
this practical suggestion: ^^An ideal spot for 
lilies would be an open forest glade with a small 
stream running through it, near the banks of 
which the North American peat- and moisture- 
loving lilies would flourish; and higher up, 

30 



PLANTING FOR BEST EFFECTS 31 

away from the water, clumps of auratum, 
Washingtonianum, Humboldtii, gigantemn, and 
all our finest species, would readily grow.'* 
Many a country place, both large and small, 
has a spot approximating these conditions — 
thus easily convertible into a naturalistic lily 
garden. And there is no reason in the world, 
other than the negligible botanical one, why the 
planting should be confined to members of the 
Lilium genus. Some of the so-called lilies, not 
a few of which belong to the lily family, might 
be used for seasonal effects. 

But whether one has the space for a lily gar- 
den, and the time and disposition to maintain 
it, or whether it is a matter of a species or two 
in ordinary dooryard conditions, there is a 
prime rule that should not be broken. A lily's 
beauty does not consist wholly in color; there 
is beauty of form, both in the blossoms and in 
the plant as a whole. Unless it is properly 
placed, the full of esthetic delight is therefore 
not experienced. If a lily's normal habit is 
dignified and stately, it must be set forth in all 
its dignity and stateliness to be at its best; if 
graceful, in all its gracefulness ; if rather stiffly 
dwarfish, in its rather stiff dwarfishness, and 
so on. 



32 LILIES 

Nature, as in so mucli else that concerns the 
disposition of plants in tlie garden, is the best 
gnide. For example, when lilies grow naturally 
they rise from herbage or low shrubbery. 
There is never any overcrowding; the stalks 
have room to bend more or less to the breeze 
and not a trumpet or bell that does not stand 
out with individual prominence. You see in 
short, the lily in all its glory. There is, accord- 
ingly, no more effective way to plant lilies than 
among shrubs or, in the case of the dwarf spe- 
cies, in a low shrubbery foreground. More- 
over, this plan kills two birds with one stone, 
as some lilies require, and all prefer, not to rise 
from bare ground and also to be protected from 
spring frosts. 

Inasmuch as some of the lilies are particu- 
larly fond of peat too, the rhododendron bed, 
or a planting of any of the broad-leaved ever- 
green shrubs, is one of the best of places. 
Natural conditions are approximated and at the 
same time admirable use is made of unemployed 
ground space, and lilies that prefer not to be 
disturbed may follow their own sweet will. Of 
course, the shrubbery must not be too thickly 
set ; that would crowd out the lilies. Such tall- 
growing species as the swamp lily (L. super- 



PLANTING FOR BEST EFFECTS 33 

hum), Hanson's lily (L. Hansoni), the Canada 
lily {L. canadense) and Henry's lily (L. 
Henry i) are seen to the very best garden ad- 
vantage when planted, in naturalistic groups, 
among rhododendrons. The gold-banded lily 
(L. auratum) and the madonna lily (L. candU 
dum) are quite as fine in their less colorful and 
less looming way, while in the foreground the 
Thunbergian lily (L. elegans) and other dwarf 
erect species, as well as the dainty coral lily 
(L. tenuifolium), may be used to decided ad- 
vantage with ferns or other low growth. 

Shrubbery may also be employed with excel- 
lent effect as the background of lilies and when 
it also breaks the force of strong winds so much 
the better. The taller lilies mentioned all look 
well against high shrubbery. To them may be 
added the Caucasian lily (L. monadelpJium) , 
the panther lily (L. pardalinum) and the pur- 
ple and white Martagon lilies (L. Martagon). 
Where the background is lower the scarlet Mar- 
tagon lily (L. chalcedonicum), Brown's lily (L. 
Brownii), the orange lily (L. croceum) and 
Batemann's lily (L. elegans Batemanniae) are 
admirably placed, or a dwarf foreground may 
be made with the red star lily (L. concolor) or 
L, elegans Orange Queen. In all cases the lilies 



34 LILIES 

will be better, and look more at home, if there 
is an evergreen herbaceous ground cover, low 
or tall according to the flowering height of the 
dominant figures. 

Lilies really require an appropriate back- 
ground. A few, such as the madonna and 
Henry's lilies, are very, very beautiful stand- 
ing out against a clear blue sky ; but, generally 
speaking, green, and plenty of it, is the best 
setting, especially for the white, whitish, pink 
and pale yellow lilies. So, in massing in the 
border of hardy perennials, care should be 
taken that something appropriate rises higher 
behind them. This is no drawback when it 
shuts off some of the sun, for most lilies will 
stand a little shade and there are those that 
refuse to thrive well without it. Such massing 
is the most effective way of planting lilies where 
naturalistic methods are out of the question 
and here there may be a little more crowding. 
The more irregular the planting the more ef- 
fective, save in purely formal designs — for 
which lilies are not often suitable. Any lily 
that will survive the garden winter is excellent 
for this purpose — all of those already spoken 
of in this chapter and the Nankeen lily (L. tes- 
taceum), the turban lily (L. pomponium), the 



PLANTING FOR BEST EFFECTS 35 

tiger lily {L, tigrinum) and the bnlb-bearing 
lily (L. bulbiferum) as well. For purity the 
madonna lily stands alone, though L. Martagon 
album is very fine for a less chaste white, while 
for color the Nankeen, speciosnm, gold-banded, 
Martagon, Hanson's, Henry's, turban and all 
of the hardier erect lilies, are always very 
useful. 

The most beautiful formal employment of 
lilies is to line a path, on one or both sides. 
For such planting nothing is better than the 
madonna lily, in a solid phalanx of purity. 
"Where a pergola is not densely shaded from 
above, the path may be lined on either side with 
this lily; that has been done, with most en- 
chanting effect. The soft apricot Nankeen lily 
lends itself to the same purpose. A path in 
sparse woodland, or through shrubbery, may 
be lined with either Brown's or the speciosum 
lily, or L. longiflorum if more pains be taken, 
but in this case the planting must be thinner 
and altogether irregular. There these lilies 
will incline gracefully toward the path, instead 
of assuming the erectness that they have in the 
open garden. 

One lily leaf, at least, may be taken from the 
cottage gardens. In them a self-arranged 



36 LILIES 

clump now and then nestles up to the house by 
the side of the door and seems to belong to the 
home, as it does. This is a good way to plant 
the madonna, tiger, Nankeen and orange lilies, 
which thus placed will frequently take care of 
themselves for years. They need not be staked ; 
in fact wherever this can be avoided in the gar- 
den it should be done. A lily tied to a stake 
can never be quite its natural self. 

The out and out naturalization of lilies is 
more delightful to think about than easy to 
accomplish, because to most are denied the right 
conditions. Where these do obtain, it is far 
preferable to use lilies this way than in even 
a naturalistic garden. The swamp and Canada 
lilies it is cruel to place in a garden when they 
may be introduced to one's own bit of wild. 
Both are good subjects; so is the wood lily (L. 
philadelphicum) , which does not take very 
kindly to cultivation. 

For the rock garden any lily may be used, 
as the taller ones can be planted in recesses on 
the ground level and given the requisite setting. 
The dwarf, erect kinds, however, are to be pre- 
ferred. For cool pockets the red star lily is 
a good subject. Very likely the reddish lily (L, 
ruhellum) and the coast lily (L. maritimum) 




L. tigrimim — the tiger lily 



PLANTING FOE BEST EFFECTS 37 

wonld be more amenable to culture in rock gar- 
den pockets than in other conditions. 

Each lily species shows off to better advan- 
tage by itself. If mixing is done, it is wiser to 
place varieties together; the purple and white 
Martagon lilies, for example. Though a com- 
mon enough practice, it is also a wiser plan 
not to mix lilies with other flowers. This as a 
rule; no one could possibly take exception to 
the garden juxtaposition of the madonna lily 
and tall blue larkspur or the swamp lily and 
black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), and the 
low erect yellow, orange and red lilies may be 
used in a few combinations. The point is, as 
with entirely segregated planting, that there 
shall be neither detracting nor distracting in- 
fluence. 

Finally, unless one is collecting, the planting 
of many lilies of one or a few kinds, rather than 
a few lilies of many kinds, is to be strongly 
advised. In the first place, all lilies are not for 
all gardens. The selection in the average in- 
stance must narrow down to the most suitable 
kinds for individual conditions and of these a 
small choice should be made. Better two or 
three kinds in perfection than ten. times as 
many in both imperfection and ineffectiveness. 



CHAPTER VII 

ESSENTIAL, CULTURAL POINTS 

A FEW of the lilies have become so domesti- 
cated that they will do well in any ordinarily 
good garden conditions; the tiger lily even re- 
fuses to let grass choke it to death. But most 
of them are not sufficiently remote from the 
wild to make it safe to deny them an approach 
to what they have been accustomed to in life, 
and there is not one that does not thrive better 
if its particular likes are catered to. 

It goes without saying, therefore, that the 
culture of lilies should begin before the buying 
of the bulbs, so to speak. Their hardiness, 
their ease of culture, their soil preference and 
their shelter and shade requirements having 
been thoroughly digested, a straight start is 
easily made. 

Soil preference is of the greatest importance 
and, fortunately, it is possible, with a little 
care, to supply almost any local deficiency. 
tThe majority of lilies grow naturally in yerj^ 

38 



ESSENTIAL CULTURAL POINTS 39 

good soil. It is usually rich in peat or veg- 
etable mold, there is generous depth and though 
the degree of moisture required varies, this is 
tolerably uniform as to any species in the grow- 
ing season. Garden loam, lightened with sand 
if too heavy and mixed with peat or leaf-mold, 
makes a good soil for lilies. Manure should 
not be used unless it is extremely well rotted. 
The better way is to employ it as a top dressing 
and trust to the rain to do the mixing. No lily 
tolerates fresh manure next to the bulb. Spad- 
ing should be to a depth of at least three feet, 
and deeper still where, in chalk or clay condi- 
tions, it is necessary to excavate a trench and 
fill it with entirely new soil. 

Partial shade from the sun, which scorches 
L. Hansoni and L. Henryi, and partial shelter 
from winds, are urgent demands of some of the 
lilies. To others they are grateful, but not 
necessary. Shade must not shut off light and 
air, however, and while the branches of trees 
may overhang the planting, care must be taken 
that the tree roots do not absorb all the lily 
food from the soil. Where this danger may not 
be dodged, lilies can be planted in a tub of soil 
sunk in the ground. As for moisture, all lilies 
need it when growing. Few of them stand 



40 LILIES 

drought well and if once given a serious set- 
back by it the bulbs rarely recover. 

It is impossible to make a hard-and-fast plant- 
ing rule in all these matters, for the reason that 
lilies have a way of following their own devices. 
In one garden a species will sometimes adapt 
itself to circumstances with the best of grace 
whereas in another it refuses to be comforted 
unless humored. For this reason lily cultural 
observations vary quite widely and now and 
then are absolutely contradictory. The only 
real solution is for each grower to create his 
own experience and then forget that of others. 
As an approximate guide in the making of such 
experience the following differentiations of the 
hardiest lilies may be used. 

CULTUEAL CHAEACTEEISTICS 

Thrive in good light garden loam and in full 
sun. All are the better for some peat or leaf- 
mold in the soil and can stand partial shade. A 
ground cover is preferable, but not necessary; 
L. candidum makes its own. These are the 
easiest lilies to grow. 

huThifernm carnioUcum 

canadense ^' chalcedoniciim 

candidum concolor 



ESSENTIAL CULTURAL POINTS 41 



croceum 


Martagon 


dauricum 


pomponium 


'elegans ' 


pyrenaicum / 


Ransoni 


speciosum -^ 


Jankae 


tenuifolium '" 


longiflorum • 


testaceum 


MarJian 


tigrinum / 



May be gro\^n in ordinary garden conditions, 
but are best off in soil with plenty of peat and 
leaf-mold, and should be planted out among 
shrubs where their roots can be shaded and a 
fair degree of moisture maintained. 

auratum ^ monadelpJium 

Brownii y myriophyllum 

columbianum 

Prefer shade, moisture and shelter from 
wind, with plenty of peat or leaf-mold in the 

soil and a well-drained root-run. 

y 
BurhanJci Grayi '' 

carolinianum pardalinvM 

superhum ^ 

The rule to plant lily bulbs three times their 
depth is not to be taken literally. The two lilies 
in the heart-leaved group are planted with the 
top of the bulb about on a level with the surface 
of the ground. With these exceptions^ the 



42 LILIES 

'depth of soil above the top of the bulb should 
be from three to seven inches. The normal 
size of the bulb — some are quite small — and the 
vigor of the species are determining factors. 
But there is a -third highly important point to 
bear in mind. Some lilies root from the base 
of the bulb only, while others throw out later 
a second set of roots from the stem a little way 
above <the bulb. As the stem-roots are vital ele- 
ments in the production of perfect bloom, the 
stem-rooting lilies must be planted deep enough 
to avoid exposure of this second set. It is diffi- 
cult to draw a precise line between the two 
classes, but a fair division, with the inches of 
soil above the bulb, is as follows : 

LmiES WITH STEM-ROOTS 

^fauraium^^ (6 to 8) japonicum (3 to ^)j 

Broivnii (5 to 6) Leichtlini (3 to 4) 

hulbiferum (5 to 6) longifiorum (5 to 6)f 

concolor (3 to 4) neilgherrense (5 to 6)' 

croceum (5 to 6) nepalense (5 to 6) 

danricum 1(5 to 6)' ruhellum (3 to 4) 

elegans (3 to 4) . sulphur eum (5 to 6), 

Hansom (5 to 6)^ -^ tigrinum ^ (5 to 6)i 
Henryi (6 to 8) 

1 In cold, wet soil not so deep". 

2 Plant macuiiotli bulbs 6 to 8 incbes. 



ESSENTIAL CULTURAL POINTS 43 

LILIES WITH NO STEM-ROOTS, OR FEW 

canadense (3) pardalinum (4) 

candidum (4) Parryi (3) 

carniolicum (4) parvum (3) 

chalcedonicum (4) pJiiladelphicum (3) 

coliimhianum (3) pomponium (3) 

cordifoliiim (none) pyrenaicum (4) 

giganteiim (none) superhiim (4) 

Grayi (3) tennifolhim (3) 

Humholdtii (4) testaceum (4) 

Mart agon (4) Washingtonianum (3) 
monadelphiim (4) 

The madonna lily should be planted in Au- 
gust, as it puts out a new growth of foliage in 
the early autumn. The scarlet Martagon lily 
makes an early root growth and therefore ought 
to be in the ground by the middle of October. 
Aside from these two species, lilies may be 
planted in the autumn any time before the 
ground freezes. Not infrequently it is difficult 
to get imported bulbs in season to do that; in 
such an event, the ground may be prepared and 
kept from freezing by means of a heavy tem- 
porary covering of manure. Then the bulbs 
can be planted as late as December. A few of 
the lilies will do well if bulbs carried through 
the winter in cold storage are planted in April 



44 LILIES 

or May; but spring planting at best is a poor 
second choice — no matter how great the care, 
the bulbs are apt to be shriveled. 

Plumpness is very important to the strength 
of lily bulbs. As some of them will shrivel if 
allowed to dry for only a day or so, it is best 
to plant them at once. If they are slightly 
shriveled when received, they can be plumped 
by laying them on moist cocoanut fiber in a 
cool place for a few days. Bulbs that show 
signs of a little decay or mold, may be disin- 
fected by sprinkling a little powered charcoal 
or sulphur over them; but if badly off in this 
respect, or much shriveled, they would better be 
thrown away. The bulb scales protect the germ 
and must be in at least fair condition. 

It is always a good plan to dust lily bulbs with 
powdered sulphur, letting it get under the scales, 
before planting; this to prevent fungous dis- 
ease. Excepting in extremely light soil, it is 
also a good plan to put a little sand under and 
all around the bulb. A little peat under the 
bulb promotes root growth and in the case of 
the Nankeen lily a couple of inches of fresh 
sphagnum has been tried with success. 

If the lily bed is not protected by growing 
shrubs, there should be provision made against 



ESSENTIAL CULTURAL POINTS 45 

tlie spring frosts; the young shoots are often 
very susceptible to frost, and injury of this 
sort is an unsuspected cause of failure. 
Branches of any evergreen are the safest pro- 
tection, but even bare boughs will break the 
force of the frost. 

Some lilies are a bit tricky in one particular; 
they may decide to take a rest for a year and 
then, when you have set them down as *^ gon- 
ers," fool you by ^'bobbing up serenely." 
Again certain lilies put in an appearance the 
first spring, but either give unsatisfactory 
bloom or none at all. Most of the lilies that 
root only from the base of the bulb establish 
themselves so slowly that they are rarely at 
their best for a year, and occasionally they may 
be two or three years getting about it. Of the 
Martagon group, L, Hansoni is about the only 
one that can be relied upon to bloom well the 
first season. The no-hurry kinds further in- 
clude L. giganteum, the buds of which should be 
pinched oif the first spring if any do appear, 
in order that root-growth may be encouraged; 
L. monadelphum, L. Humholdtii and L, par da- 
linum. So patience with, as well as understand- 
ing of, lilies is called for. 

One secret of the success of the madonna and 



46 LILIES . 

scarlet Martagon lily in cottage gardens is tlie 
fact that usually they are let alqne for years 
at a time. These resent disturbance. The 
same thing is true of most, of *tlie Martagon 
group, including L. pardalinum. 

A surface mulch of manure is good for 
lilies and the ground should have a winter cov- 
ering of either this or leaves, unless it is 
well blanketed with an evergreen herbaceous 
plant. Very frequently lilies perish because 
they have insufficient winter protection in ex- 
posed places. 




L. Hajisoni—URnsons lily 



CHAPTEE VIII 

LILIES UNDER GLASS 

There are three reasons for growing lilies 
under glass — all of them good. In the first 
place they are among the most decorative of 
indoor plants. Then again there is no more 
valuable cut flower. Finally, by this means only 
is it possible to grow successfully in a cold cli- 
mate some of the most beautiful species. 

The ideal indoor planting of the tender In- 
dian, Burmese, Himalayan, Japanese and Phil- 
ippine species is in a bed in a cool greenhouse 
where, among ferns and other plants, they may 
grow in a close approach to natural conditions. 
That is the Kew plan and in even a greenhouse 
of quite modest proportions it is possible to 
adopt, or at any rate adapt, the plan. The fol- 
lowing lilies are best treated this way: 



cordifoUum 


neilgJierrense 


giganteum 


nepalense 


japonicum 


pliilippinense 


Lowii 


polyphyllwn 




47 



48 LILIES 

primuUnum sulphureum 

ruhellum Wallichianum 

All of these, however, are prime subjects for 
pot plants — with the exception of neilgherrense, 
whose flower spike is thrown out horizontally 
from the bulb before leaving the ground ; as are 
also 



auratum 


longiflorum 


Brownii 


MarJian 


candidum 


speciosum 


Hansoni 


tigrinum 


Henryi 





The following are also good, though rather 
less satisfactory than the others : 

concolor elegans 

croceum tenuifolium 

dauricum testaceum 

A few lilies are not suitable for pot culture, 
as they have rhizotamous or creeping bulbs. 
These include : 

canadense ^ Tarryi ^ 

Leichtlini superhum ^ 

pardalinum ^ 

Lilies grown in pots serve two purposes. 
They can be used indoors or they may be the 

1 All the American lilies are better outdoors. 



LILIES UNDEE GLASS 49 

means of advancing, or ekeing out, the lily sea- 
son outdoors. Potted lilies, brought into flower 
under glass, are extremely convenient to place 
temporarily in bare spots in the shrubbery or 
the hardy border, where the pots may be sunk 
in the ground, or to brighten up the piazza or 
living-room. The most serviceable kinds for 
such disposition are L, longiflorum, L. japoni- 
cum, L. auratum, L. speciosum and L. candidum. 
The best compost for potting lilies consists 
of two-thirds fibrous loam and one-third fibrous 
peat with a little leaf-mold and sand. This 
suits almost all lilies. For the madonna lily 
a small amount of lime rubbish may be added 
and L, ruhellum will do well in stony, sandy 
soil if the drainage is perfect. Pots should be 
roomy and for stem-rooters there must be plenty 
of depth. These are planted low and the pots 
filled up with a somewhat richer compost when 
the stem-roots appear. In the case of L, aura- 
tum and L. speciosum this top dressing should 
be followed by an application of weak liquid 
manure. After planting, the pots are plunged 
in a bed of ashes four inches deep and later 
transferred to the greenhouse or a coldframe. 
Potting is done in October for early bloom in- 
doors and later for indoor succession or for 



50 LILIES 

outside use. Bulbs potted for outdoors sKould 
be kept in a cool place but safe from frost. Dur- 
ing the growing and blooming season a great 
deal of water is required. After blooming the 
watering should be gradually decreased until 
the stems turn yellow — ^when the bulbs may be 
repotted and kept rather dry in a coldframe for 
use the following winter. If L. longiflorum is 
wanted early, it is advisable to keep it in a 
moist atmosphere and well watered and sy- 
ringed. 



CHAPEE IX 

PEOPAGATION 

There are three ways of propagating lilies — 
by seed, by scales and by offsets. Seed, no 
doubt, is tbe best means of acclimatizing some 
of the more tender and capricions species, but 
only a lily enthusiast would care to use so slow 
a process of reproduction. It requires about 
seven years for L, giganteum to bloom from 
seed and the other species take their own time. 
A few of the lilies produce seed very freely, 
among them L. Henryi, L. superbum, L, rub el- 
lum and L. tenuifolium; others are chary of it. 
Lily seed should be planted in a sheltered place, 
as soon as well ripened, in light, moist soil and 
not allowed to dry out until the second year, as 
germination may not take place the first spring. 
Sow seed of Martagon lily, L. monadelphum, L, 
dauricum, L. croceum, L. superhum in open 
ground if desired, but most kinds germinate 
better in pans indoors. The young bulbs can 
be transplanted when a year old and grown on 

51 



52 LILIES 

Tintil large enough for permanent placing. If 
seed is sown broadcast in a suitable spot, no 
transplanting is necessary. 

Scales should be healthy ones from the out- 
side of the bulb, which is not injured by the 
careful removal of a few. They may be taken 
from the bulbs as soon as ripe (L. candidum in 
August), or in early spring, and planted in the 
open ground, but it is better to put them in 
pans of loose soil kept fairly moist. They form 
bulblets the first season. 

Three kinds of lily offsets are produced — 
from the bulb, from the lower part of the stalk 
and from the axils of the leaves; the last are 
known as bulbils. All these are simply planted 
in the open ground, or in pans in the case of 
L. sulphureum, and allowed to grow to flower- 
ing size. 

Most lilies can be propagated all three ways. 
Their weak response is to attempts at hybridiza- 
tion. The genus is very unusual in the stub- 
bornness with which it resists being influenced 
by foreign pollen. Seedlings of any species, if 
crossed, are very apt to resemble the one that 
bears them. The result is that there are com- 
paratively few lilies that are not species or va- 
riants of species. The natural hybrid L. testa- 



PKOPAGATION 53 

ceum and the garden hybrids L, Burhanhi, L, 
Dalhanson% L. Marhan and L. Kewense are 
notable exceptions and doubtless forerunners of 
numerous others. Still, with so many beautiful 
species, the world stands in no particular need 
of more. The chief advantage of hybridizing 
lilies would seem to be to couple the blood of 
the Indian and Burmese species with hardiness. 



CHAPTEE X 

INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES 

These kinds of lilies, L. longiflorum, L, sped- 
osum and L. auratum, are subject in their early 
stages of growth to onslaughts of the green fly 
(aphides). These insects get in the unfolding 
leaves and will cause imperfect bloom if not 
checked. They are particularly trying in the 
case of L. longiflorum, which has denser foliage 
than the others. Immediate fumigation and 
more of the same thing later is a good remedy; 
or syringing, first with a nicotine solution and 
then with tepid water, may be substituted. 

The most destructive of the three parasitic 
fungi and the commonest is Botrytis cinerea. 
This shows itself in brown, or brownish, specks 
on the stems, foliage and bads. Eventually it 
turns into a soft gray mold ; sometimes into lit- 
tle black spots that become imbedded in the 
scales. 

This fungus, which is very trying in the case 
of L, candidum and L. testaceum in the garden, 

54 




L. auratum — the gold-banded lily 



INSECT PESTS 55 

attacking L, auratum as well if in the full sun, 
is best treated by Bordeaux mixture when the 
trouble is above ground. Dissolve one pound 
of sulphate of copper in a wooden tub and slake 
one pound of fresh quicklime in another recep- 
tacle. When slaked, pour the quicklime into the 
sulphate of copper solution and add ten gallons 
of water. Spray gently with this mixture and 
repeat the operation in a week. Bulbs that are 
Seriously affected would better be destroyed. 
The rust known as Uromyces Erythronii causes 
discolored patches. As the bulbs are not at- 
tacked, the best treatment is to burn the dis- 
eased stems and thus prevent a spread of the 
fungus. The third fungus, BMzopus necans, 
gets into the bulbs through injured roots and 
causes them to rot. 



CHAPTEE XI 

LILIES AS CUT FLOWERS 

As has been said already, lilies are among tlie 
most valuable of cut flowers, bnt — there is a 
great big but. The fact is that, although they 
are invariably beautiful, some of them have 
shockingly bad taste in the matter of the odor 
that they exhale. These must be barred from 
the house altogether and there are others that, 
though classed as fragrant, have odors so over- 
powering that they must needs be placed near 
an open window or in a hall where there is a 
good passage of air. 

The most agreeably odorous lily in the house 
is L. longiflorum and its fragrance is the safest 
for the sick-room. The similar fragrance of L. 
japonicum Alexandrae and L. philippinense, the 
delicate and distinctive aroma of L. neilgher- 
rense and the restrained scent of L. speciosum, 
put them well at the head of the list ; and there 
is the delicious perfume of L. candidum, that is 
not too strong unless a great many of the blos- 

56 



LILIES AS CUT FLOWEES 57 

soms are in a closed room. Other pleasantly 
fragrant lilies are L. giganteum, L. testaceum, 
L. Brownii leucanthum, L. rubellum, L. japoni- 
cum Colchester ens e, L, sulpliureum, L. mona- 
delphum, L. Kellogii and L, Burhanhi, 

Indoors the odor of L. pomponium is scarcely 
bearable. The Martagon lilies are not much 
better; L, pyrenaicum and L. monadelphum 
Szovitzianum have heavy and unpleasant scents. 
The odor of L. auratum is less disagreeable, but 
is too rank for the house unless in a very airy 
place. The odor of L. Parryi and L. caro- 
linianum is similar, but not so overpowering as 
the others. 

Where it can be grown, L. japonicum is ad- 
mirable for indoor use ; so are L. tigrinum and 
L. canadense. This brings the safe list up to 
large enough proportions. 

Lilies should be cut with long stalks, as other- 
wise it is impossible to arrange them effectively. 
Unless the stalks curve gracefully, through 
growing on the edge of shrubbery, it is best to 
use a vase that does not flare much at the top. 
Nor, as a rule, is it wise to employ any other 
flower foliage with them. Maidenhair fern, 
however, goes well with L. candidum or L. testa- 
ceum and a good gray foliage, such as lavender 



58 LILIES 

cotton {SanioUna Chamcecyparissus) , witli the 
upright orange and red lilies. 

If lilies are wanted for vases in the honse, a 
veiy sensible plan is to plant a reserve stock 
for cutting — say in rows next to the vegetable- 
garden. Some of the more tender lilies can be^ 
grown in coldframes and the glass lifted off 
about the end of May. Such pains would be 
well worth while to secure bouquets of Kramer's 
lily or L, ruhellum. 




L. longiflonDn — the Easter lily 



CHAPTER XII 

SPECIES^ VAEIETIES AND HYBRIDS 

This list is not absolutely complete; but it 
includes most, if not all, of the important sub- 
jects. Nor does it pretend to be absolutely cor- 
rect in either a botanical or a horticultural 
sense. When botanists do not altogether agree 
on species, no mere lajnnan can straighten out 
the matter of nomenclature with any degree of 
definiteness or finality. As for the vendors of 
lilies, they also differ among themselves in both 
botanical and horticultural names. After all, it 
matters very little to the plain, everyday flower- 
lover whether the exquisitely beautiful Kram- 
er's lily is L. japonicum, as the Kew authori- 
ties maintain, or L. Krameri, as others quite as 
stoutly opine, and Batemann's lily displays a 
no less glowing apricot hue in the garden as 
L. elegans Batemanniae than as plainer L. 
Batemanniae. In this confused state of things, 
no doubt some actual duplication of names oc- 
curs. 

59 



60 LILIES 

So, too, the descriptions are sometimes ap- 
proximate, rather than strictly accurate. Ob- 
servers do not always see precisely alike and 
there is no universal standard of color terms. 
Then again, various conditions may alter not 
only the color shades but the height and the 
period of bloom, not to mention throwing the 
matter of culture into the easy or difficult class. 
Here, as well, differences of opinion, or of ob- 
servation, are of slight consequence. For one 
thing, no lily color will ever prove unsatisfying 
if given a fair chance to display its particular 
charm. The writer found the Washington lily 
at Kew fairly describable as pink. But no one, 
if he succeeds in growing this choice American 
species and its varieties will have any fault to 
find if it proves to be ^' white, tinged with pink 
or red and dotted with purple," or * Vhite, pur- 
ple-spotted blooms that become tinged with pur- 
ple after expansion," or *^ white, with purple 
tinge on back," or ^^ white, shading off to lilac." 

L. Alexandrae See japonicum 

Alexandra's lily is classed by Kew as a va- 
riety of L. japonicum, but is sometimes called a 
natural Japanese hybrid, L, auratum x L, 
longiflorum. 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 61 
L. angustifolium See pomponium. 

L. aurantiacum See hulUferum. 

L, auratum Gold-banded lily.^ 

Japan. Introduced 1862. White, spotted 
sparsely with reddish brown and yellow band 
down each petal ; 6 to 12 in. across ; 3 to 30 on 
stalk. July, August. 4 to 8 ft. 

Quite hardy, but prone to run out. Renew 
stock every three years or so. Thrives in ordi- 
nary garden soil, but prefers moist peat or 
leaf -mold and sand, with good drainage. Does 
well in cool woodland or thinly planted rho- 
dodendron bed; better still among alpine 
rhododendrons and low azaleas or kalmias, but 
must not be crowded. Protect from cold spring 
winds and direct rays of summer sun. Plant 
6 to 10 in. deep. Mulch with rotted manure 
and water frequently. In bad soil dig holes 4 
to 6 ft. deep and fill with peat and sand, or 
sandy loam, leaf -mold, rubbish ashes and some 
well-rotted manure. 

yar. cruentum — Same as rubro-vittatum. 
yar. macranthum — Less spotted and more 

robust; best of all. 
yar. pictum — Crimson band and spots. 
yar. platyphyllum — Same as macranthum. 
yar. platyphyllum virginale — S lightly 

spotted with yellow. 

1 Known also as golden-rayed lily and Japan lily. 



62 LILIES 

var. mbro-vittatum — ^Bright crimson band. 

var. virginale — No spots. 

var. [Wittei — Same as virginale. 

L. avenaceum Oat-scale lily. 

Japan, Manchuria, Kamchatka. Red, droop- 
ing, reflexed tips. Similar to L. tenuifolium, 
1 to 2 ft. The bulbs are eaten in Kamchatka. 
Delicate constitution. 

L. Bakeri Baker's lily. 

"Washington and British Columbia. 

L. Bdkerianum 
India. 

L. Batemanniae See elegans. 

The origin of Batemann's lily is somewhat 
obscure, but it is regarded as a variety of L. 
elegans. 

L, Berensi 

Hybrid ; L. testaceum x L. chalcedonicum. 
Dull apricot; fragrant. 

L. Bloomerianum See Humboldtii. 

L. Bolanderi 

California. Dull pomegranate, spotted; 
shape of L. canadense. June. 2 ft. 
Recommended only to collectors. 



SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 63 

L. Brownii^ Brown's lily. 

China, Japan. White, outside of petals suf- 
fused with reddish brown; brown anthers; 
trumpet-shaped; usually solitary; fragrant. 
Handsome foliage; brownish stalk. July, Au- 
gust. 3 to 4 ft. 

Hardy and quite vigorous, but requires re- 
planting every few years. Plant deep in light, 
peaty soil and warm, sheltered position. Will 
stand almost pure sand with a little manure, 
also heavier soil. In cold, heavy soil lay 
something on ground to shoot off winter wet. 
The Japanese plant the bulb on the side to 
avoid damage by water. 

var. Chloraster — Suffused with green. 

var. leucanthum — Shaded yellow; stems 
green; very fragrant. 

yar. odonim^ — Pale yellow, changing to 
cream; shorter and less heavily 
tinged. From Central China. 
Same as L. odorum, L. Colches- 
terense and L. japonicum Colches- 
teri. 

L. hulhiferum ^ Bulb-bearing lily. / 

Central Europe, Southeastern Scandinavia. 
Orange red. Similar to L. dauricum, but dis- 
tinguished by brighter and less crowded blos- 

1 Syn. L. japonicum Brownii. 



2 Syn. L. auriantiacum. 



64 LILIES 

soms and bulbils in leaf axils. July, Sugust. 
2 to 4 ft. 

Very hardy. Has stood test of many years 
in gardens. Does well in light, rich garden 
soil and in an open position. 

L. Burhanhi Burbank^s lily. 

Garden hybrid; L. pardalinum x L. Wash- 
ingtonianum x L. Parryi. 

Orange, spotted with brown and flushed 
with crimson on the tips; 25 to 30 in loose, 
graceful spike. Very fragrant. 'July. 4 to 6 
ft. 

Prefers moist, peaty soil and partial shade. 

var. "Selected" — Orange red recurving 
and evidently L. pardalinum x L. 
Humholdtii. Free-flowering. 4 ft. 

L. calif ornicum See Humholdtii and pardalinum. 

L. callosum 

Japan. Introduced 1840. Scarlet, droop- 
ing. 1 to 3 ft. 

Difficult of culture. 

L. canadense ^ Canada lily.^ 

Eastern United States. Light orange, spot- 
ted with brown. July. 3 ft. 

1 Syn. L. penduUflorum, 

2 Known also as meadow lily, Canadian lily and wild yellow 
lily. 




L. Brownii — Brown's lily 



SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 65 

Very hardy. Excellent for naturalizing. 
Thrives in ordinary garden conditions, but pre- 
fers moist, peaty soil with a low ground cover. 

var. flavum — Common orange type. 
var. rubrum — Orange red outside, yellow 
inside. 



L, candidum Madonna lily.^ 

Southern Europe. Introduced 1596. 
White; yellow anthers. Broad and narrow 
petal types. June, July. 4 ft. 

Very hardy. The oldest lily in cultivation. 
Thrives in well-drained garden loam and open 
position. Dislikes to be disturbed. Trans- 
plant in August, as there is new leaf growth 
in September. 

var. flore plenum — ^Very poor double. 

yar. foliis aureo-marginatis — Foliage bor- 
dered with yellow. 

yar. monstrosum — Same as flore plenum. 

ivar. peregrinum — Purplish stem, narrow 
leaves and petals. 

yar. speciosum — Later; 20-30 blooms on 
stem, which is black. 5 to 6 ft. 

var. spicatum — Same as flore plenum. 

var. striatum — Blossom streaked with pur- 
ple. 

1 Known also as white, annunciation, Bourbon and June lilj[. 



66 LILIES 

L. carnioUcum Camiolian lily. 

Lombardy, Dalmatia, Bosnia. Vermilion 
red; smaller and less bright than L. pom- 
ponium. July. 3 ft. 

Thrives in ordinary garden soil. Has done 
well even in clay. 



L. caroUnianum '^ Carolina lily. 

Southeastern United States. Orange red, 
spotted with black and marked with yellow; 
recurved. Resembles L. superhiim, but less 
striking and foliage is broader. July, August. 
3 ft. 

Quite hardy. Will thrive in ordinary gar- 
den soil, if well-drained. 



L. Cateshuei Southern red lily. 

North Carolina to Florida and Kentucky. 
Orange red, spotted with purple and yellow; 
generally solitary. July. II/2 ft- 

Tender and rather unreliable in northern 
gardens. Prefers sandy or gravelly peat and 
a cool, moist, partially shaded place. Often 
found in pine barrens. Good for rock garden. 

L. Cattaniae See Martagon. 

^^ju. L. superlum carolinianum. 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBKIDS 67 

L. chalcedonicum Scarlet Martagon lily.^ 

Greece. Bright red; small, turban-shaped, 
in loose clusters; unpleasant odor. July. 3 
ft. 

Very hardy in English gardens for over a 
century. Eesents disturbance and generally 
flowers poorly first season. Thrives in ordi- 
nary light garden loam, or heavier soil if well 
drained. Transplant not later than October, 
as roots make early growth. Bears drought 
well. 

var. excelsum — Larger and superior; pet- 
als spotted black at base. 

yar. Heldreichi — Improved form; color 
paler on outside. Very like L. 
Heldreichi. 

var. maculatum — Same as excelsum. 

var. major — Same as excelsum. 

L. claptonense See primulinum. 

L, Colchesterense See Brownii and japonicum. 

L. colchicum See monadelphum. 

L. Columbianum ^ Oregon lily. 

Oregon, Washington, British Columbia. 
Golden yellow, spotted with red ; small ; turban- 

1 Known also as Turk's cap lily and red lily. Probably the 
"red lily of Constantinople" of Parkinson. 

2 Syn. L. nitidum, L. parviflorum and L. Bayi. 



68 LILIES 

shaped. 'June, July. 2i/2 ft. Some regard it 
as small form of L. Humholdtii and it seems to 
be identical with L. pardalinum parviflorum. 

One of the easiest of western lilies, but not 
highly effective in the garden. Prefers soil 
with peat and sand and a shady, sheltered posi- 
tion. 

L. concolor ^ Red star lily. 

China, Japan, Siberia. Bright scarlet, dark 
red spots; erect, star-like, waxen; about two 
inches across. Several on stem and two to 
three stems from one bulb. June, July. 1 to 
11/2 ft. 

No longer considered difficult. Good and 
graceful garden lily. Does well in ordinary 
garden soil. Prefers light loam with peat, leaf- 
mold and sand and a moist, well-drained and 
partly shady location. Will stand slaty soil. 
Excellent for cool parts of rock garden. In 
good soil and cool spot increases rapidly. 

var. Buschianum — Crimson. Siberia. 

var. Coridion — Eich yellow; larger blos- 
soms. Same as L. coridion. 

var. Partheneion — Scarlet, flushed yellow. 

var. pulchellum — Deep crimson, narrower 
petals. Same as L. p. punctatunu 

1 Syn. L. stnicwm (China). 



SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 69 

L, cordifolium Heart-leaved lily. 

Japanese and Kurile islands. Greenish 
white, tubular, 3 to 5 in. across; 5 to 10 on 
stalk. Leaves more heart-shaped and deeper 
green than those of the nearly related L. gigan- 
teum and sometimes tinged with red. Inferior 
to L. giganteum. August, September. 2 to 3 
ft. 

Quite tender. Difficult in culture. Safest 
to pot, and winter in coldframe. Plant in cool 
and well-drained spot, sheltered from strong 
sunshine. Give good root-run of leaf soil. 

var. Giehnii — Hardiest form. 

L. coridion See concolor. 

L. croceum Orange lily. 

Switzerland, Prance, Northern Italy. Bright 
orange, with small crimson spots; upright; 3 
in. across; several on stalk. June, July. 3 to 
4 ft. Besembles L. damHcum, but blossoms bet- 
ter in substance and duration. 

Very hardy old cottage garden lily. Flow- 
ers well first season. Thrives in any soil in a 
sunny garden border, or among shrubs in half 
shade. 

var. Chaixi — Dwarf er than tj^^e. 
L. Uahuricum See elegans. 



70 LILIES 

L. Balhansoni Dalhanson lily. 

Garden hybrid ; L. Hansoni x L. dalmaticum. 
Dark brownish purple. June. 5 ft. 

L. dalmaticum See Martagon. 

L. dauricum ^ Dahurian lily. 

Siberia, North 3'apan. Orange, flushed with 
red and spotted with black; erect; 6 to 8 in 
umbel. Species more slender than modern gar- 
den forms and has smaller blossoms and shorter 
leaves. Resembles L. croceum, but smaller and 
more slender. Resembles still more closely L. 
elegans, with which it is easily confounded. 
kTune, July. 2 ft. 

Very hardy dwarf lily. Does well in ordi- 
nary light garden loam. 

var. Diadem — Bright crimson ; yellow band 

down petal. Fine hybrid, 
var. erectum — Orange and scarlet. Early. 
var. grandiflorum — Light orange red. 

Large. 
var. incomparabile — Deep crimson. Very 

fine, 
var. maculatum — Deep orange; spotted. 

Tall. 

1 Syn. L. davuricum, L. spectahile and L. umhellatum. Miss 
Jekyll says that L. davuricmn is said to be identical with "L. 
pennsylvanicurn." 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 71 

var. multiflorum — Orange red. More blos- 
soms. 

var. Sappho — Light orange, tipped with 
red. 

Hybrids of L. umhellatum and L. elegans. 

var. Sensation — Deep orange, flushed with 

brownish red. 
var. aurantiacum multiflorum — range 

yellow, tipped with orange red. 

The following forms are perhaps hybrids of 
L. croceum and L. elegans: 

var. aurantiacum — Orange, 
var. Cloth of Gold — Bright yellow. 
var. Tottenhami — Bright yellow, large 
heads. 

L. Bavidi See primuUnum, 

L. davuricum See dauricum. 

L. Delavayi 

China. Wine red; trumpet-shaped. 

L. elegans ^ Thunbergian lily. 

Japan. Orange ; erect. Less vigorous 
growth than L. croceum, which it resembles in 
general form. Resembles still more closely L, 

1 Syn. L. Tfrnnhergiammif L, dafmrictim and Z/. Icmcifolium, 



72 LILIES 

dauncum, with which it is easily confounded. 
May, June, July. % to 1 ft. 

Very hardy. One of the best border lilies. 
Thrives in ordinary garden soil, but prefers 
light loam, peat and leaf-mold. Stands full ex- 
posure. Fine for rock garden or naturalizing. 

var. Alice Wilson — Lemon. Dwarf. 

var. alutaceum — Apricot. Dwarf. Early. 

var. alutaceum Prince of Orange — Apricot 

with black spots, 
var. armeniacum — Orange red. Late, 
var. atrosanguineum — Deep red. 
var. Batemanniae — Apricot. Late. 4 ft. 

Same as L. Batemanniae. 
var. Beautiful Star — Orange red. 
var. bicolor — Yellow, streaked with red. 
var. biligulatum — Brownish red. 
var. flore-pleno — Deep red, semi-double, 
var. fulgens — Red. Same as L. fulgens. 
var. hoematochroum — D ark crimson. 

Fine, 
var. Horsmanni — Same as hoematochroum. 
var. lateritium — Same as biligulatum. 
var. Leonard Joerg — Orange red, crimson 

spots, 
var. marmoratum aureum — Deep yellow, 

crimson spots, 
var. Orange Queen — Bright orange. 1 ft. 

Very fine, 
var. Othello — Blood red, tinged with 

orange. 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 73 

var. Peter Barr — Soft yellow; few spots; 

very fine. 
var. pictum — Same as bicolor. 
var. Prince of Orange — Apricot, dwarf, 

early. 
var. reticulatum — Salmon with yellow bar, 

spotted purple. 
var. sanguineum — Light red, black spots. 

Same as L. sanguineum. 
var. semi-plenum — Half double crimson, 
var. Van Houttei — Fine bright crimson, 

large and fine. 
var. venustum — Same as armeniacum. 
var. Wilsoni — Apricot, purple spots; late. 
var. Venustum macranthu m — Bright 

orange, no spots, late. 2 ft. 
var. Wallacei — Apricot, early August. 

Same as L. 'Wallacei. 
var. Willie Barr — Orange yellow, spotted 

crimson. 

L. excelsum See testaceum. 

L. eximium See longiflorum. 

L. Fargesi 

China. Yellow; small; Martagon type. 

L. Formosum 

."Wbite. Resembles L, elegans in form. 



74 LILIES 

L, fulgens See elegam. 

L, giganteum Giant lily. 

Himalaya mountains. White, tinged with 
purple inside and with green outside ; trumpet- 
shaped, 8 to 9 in. long and 5 in. wide; 12 to 
20 on stalk. Delicious, but powerful, fra- 
grance. Very fine foliage, heart-shaped. July, 
August. 10 to 14 ft. 

Hardy. Quite vigorous and not very diffi- 
cult when conditions suit it. Naturalizes read- 
ily in English woods. Needs protection in very 
cold climates. Flourishes finely in a green- 
house border. Requires quite deep soil con- 
taining leaf-mold or sandy peat with well- 
rotted manure and moist sub-soil. A light, 
loamy soil in woodland will do. Give shelter 
and partial shade. Does well in rhododendron 
beds. Roots must be well established to insure 
perfect flower development and it is therefore 
better to sacrifice the first season 's bloom in the 
case of bulbs of flowering size. The best per- 
manent results are from small bulbs left un- 
disturbed, but that may mean a few years' 
waiting. Protect growing shoots with ever- 
green boughs in spring. 

L. Grayi Gray's lily. 

Mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. 
Reddish orange, spotted with maroon. Similar 
to L. canadense, but petals slightly less curved; 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 75 

possibly a southern form of it. Foliage in 
whorls. tTune, July. 4 ft. 

Culture quite easy. Thrives best in moist, 
peaty soil, but does well in any light, well- 
drained garden soil. 

L. Eansoni ^ Hanson 's lily.^ 

Japan. Introduced 1882. Bright orange, 
spotted with brown ; thick, waxen, reflexed pet- 
als. Fragrance not heavy. Leaves in whorls. 
June, July. 4 to 5 ft. 

Quite hardy and easy of culture. Does well 
in light loam. Plant among shrubs and low 
plants to protect young shoots, this being one 
of the earliest lilies to appear in spring. Avoid 
full sun, as blossoms bleach easily. 

L. Harnsii See longiflorum. 

L, Eeldreichi 

Mountains of Greece. Bright reddish yel- 
low. Narrow leaves, thickly set on stem. 2 to 
3 ft. Similar to L. chalcedonicum Eeldreichi. 

Plant in loamy soil, in partly shaded place. 

L. Eenryi Henry ^s lily.^ 

Ichang, Western China. Introduced 1888. 
Deep salmon orange; as many as thirty on 

1 Syn. L. maoulatum. 

2 Known also as Japanese yellow Martagon lily and spotted 
lily. 

8 Known also as yellow speciosum. 



76 LILIES 

stalk. Uncommonly fine foliage. Similar to 
L. speciosum in habit. August, September. 6 
to 12 ft. 

Vigorous and one of best border lilies. 
Hardy, but rather difficult in very cold climate. 
Best under glass where outdoor conditions are 
unfavorable. Has done well in both light and 
heavy loam, but prefers soil with a mixture of 
peat. Requires moisture toward blooming sea- 
son. Shelter from wind and full force of sun. 
Plant deep. Seeds freely. 

L. Eumholdtii Humboldt's lily. 

California. Reddish yellow, spotted with 
maroon, reflexed petals; in loose triangular 
cluster. Stout stems, with whorls of leaves. 
Similar to L. superhum, but showier. June, 
July. 4 to 8 ft. 

Rather capricious. Prefers deep, peaty soil, 
but will grow in any well-drained soil. Thrives 
best in a moist atmosphere. Very poor bloomer 
the first season. Plant shallow. 

var. Bloomerianum — Small-growing form 
and same as L. Bloomerianum, L. 
calif ornicum and L. puheruUim. 

var. Bloomerianum magnificum — The fin- 
est form. 

var. magnificum — Freer bloomer and 
larger spots; from Southern Cali- 
fornia. 

var. ocellatum — Same as magnificum. 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 77 
L. Isahellinum See testaceum, 

L, Jankae 

Mountains of Transylvania. Clear yellow, 
slightly dotted with brown. Similar to L. 
pyrenaicum, but broader leaves and larger 
blossoms. 

Thrives in good loam. 

L. japonicum ^ Japanese lily.^ 

South 'Japan. Clear rose, occasionally paler ; 
funnel-shaped, 6 in. long, carried horizontally; 
generally one on stem, but sometimes up to 
seven. Slender growth. July, August. 2^ 
ft. Type sometimes described as purple, or 
purplish, with white inside and L. Erameri 
then distinguished as L. j. roseum. In this 
case it is also confused with L. Brownii. 

Very erratic and in cold climates safest in 
pots. Prefers light, rich sandy loam or peat 
and good drainage. Peat is said to make color 
darker. Does well among rhododendrons, but 
requires frequent renewal. Grows in pine 
woods in Japan. Plant deep. 

yar, Alexandra e — ^White, shaded with 
green at base; pale green foliage; 
2 to 3 ft. Resembles somewhat 
both L. auratum and L. longiflorum, 

1 Syn. L. Krameri and L. roseum. 

2 Known also as Kramer's lily. 



78 LILIES 

and sometimes regarded as a nat- 
tiral hybrid of them, but shorter 
flower tubes than latter. First in- 
troduced from Japan as L. TJhi-urL 
Not hardy and best in pots. 

yar. Brownii — Same as L. Brownii. 

yar. Colchesterens e — Resembles L. 
Brownii, but less brown and more 
erect, and known also as L. Brownii 
odorunij L. odorum and L. Colches- 
terense. 

var. roseum — Same as L. Krameri and L. 
roseum, 

L. Kelloggii Kellogg 's lily. 

Northwestern California. Pinkish purple, 
with maroon spots; drooping; petals much re- 
flexed ; very fragrant. Bears some resemblance 
to L. Washingtonianum and the purple Marta- 
gon lily. 

Prefers moist peat, or leaf -mold and sand, 
with good drainage. 

L. Kewense Kew lily. 

Garden hybrid, L. Henryi x L. Brownii. 
Creamy buff, changing to nearly white; 
something like a small L. auratum. 

L. Krameri See japonicum. 

L. lancifoUum See elegans and speciosum. 



SPECIES, VARIETIES^ HYBRIDS 79 

L. Lankongense 

Yimnan, China. 

L. Ledehouri Bee 'monadelpJvwm. 

L. Leichtlini Leichtlin's lily. 

Japan. Introduced 1867. Pale yellow, with 
purple spots. Slender stems; long, narrow 
leaves. Very graceful lily. August. 3 to 4 
ft. The so-called red L. Leichtlini is L. 
tigrinum jucundum (or Maximowiczii) , 

Needs very careful treatment. Prefers 
eandy soil, lightened with peat. Comes out 
early and must have protection from frost. 
Put sharp sand around bulbs. 

L. Loddigesianum See monadelphum, 

L. longiflorum St. Joseph's lily.^ 

Japan. Pure white, trumpet-shaped; deli- 
cate perfume. Good foliage. July, August. 
3 ft. 

Quite hardy in right conditions, but runs out 
easily. Best grown in pots. Does well in good 
garden soil, but better in peat, loam and sand, 
well drained and kept moist during growth. 
Give shelter and partial shade. 

yar. eximium — Taller and more robust 
than type. This is the Bermuda 
lily. 

1 Known also as Easter lily and trumpet lily, and the Har- 
risii variety as Bermuda lily. 



80 LILIES 

var. Harrisii — Same as eximimn and L, 
Harrisii. 

var. giganteu m — More blossoms and 
stronger growth. 

var. foliis albo-marginatis — Foliage with 
white margin. 

var. f ormosanum — More slender than tjrpe, 
blossoms tinged with purple on out- 
side. Native of Formosa. 

^ar. formosum — Formosa type cultivated 
in Japan. 

var. Livkin — Similar to type. 

var. multiflorum — Same as giganteum. 

var. robustus — Same as giganteum. 

var. Takesima — Stems and flower buds 
flushed with brow^n. 

var. grandiflorum — Improvement of Con- 
tinental type, bloom slightly brown 
on outside. 

var. "Wilsoni — 6 to 8 large blossoms and 
dwarfer growth. 

var. Wilsoni (of Leichtlin) — Same as ex- 
imium. 

L. LowW^ Low's lily. 

Upper Burmah. Introduced 1893. White, 
thickly or thinly spotted with purple; bell- 
shaped. Narrow leaves, slender growth. Sep- 
tember. 3 ft. 

1 Not very hardy. Best for pots or greenhouse border. 



SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 81 
L. maculatum See Hansoni. 

L. Marhan Marhan lily. 

Garden hybrid; L. Martagon album x L. 
Hansoni. Tawny orange, curiously spotted 
and streaked with reddish brown ; backs of pet- 
als whitish. Has Martagon blossoms and 
habit, with thick petals of other parent. June, 
July. 4 to 5 ft. 

Thrives in good garden loam. 

var. Ellen Willmott — Finest and most ro- 
bust form. 

L. maritimum Coast lily. 

Coast of Northern California. Reddish 
orange, spotted with purple; drooping, bell- 
shaped ; petals much reflexed. Slender growth. 
DTuly. 3 ft. 

Very difficult in cultivation. Being a native 
of peaty meadows, it prefers moist peaty soil, 
in partial shade. Good for the rock garden. 

L. Martagon ^ Purple Martagon lily.^ 

Central and Southern Europe into Asia. 
Dull purplish pink, somewhat spotted; small, 
turban-shaped; in large pyramidal clusters; 
rather unpleasant odor. June, July. 2 to 5 
ft. The bulbs are eaten by the Cossacks. 

1 Syn. L. dalmaticum. 

2 Known also as Turk's cap lily. 



82 LILIES 

Three centuries' test in Englisli gardens. 
Very vigorous and effective lily. Loamy soil 
in almost any position, but prefers cool and 
damp places, though thriving in coldest cli- 
mates. Plant shallow. 

var. album — ^Pure white and very beauti- 
ful. A lilac-tinted form has stron- 
ger growth and more shining foli- 
age. 

var. dalmaticum — Light to dark wine color 
and very waxen ; 30 to 40 blossoms 
on stalk ; unopened buds with whit- 
ish covering; same as L. dalmati- 
cum. 6 ft. 

var. Cattanii — Almost black, probably a 
darker form of dalmaticum. Same 
as L. Cattaniae. 

var. flore-plenum — Valueless double form. 

L. Masseyi See philadelphicum, 

L. Maximowiczii See Leichtlini and tigrinum. 

QTapan. Red to yellow; 6 to 8 on stem. 2 
to 3 ft. Maximowicz 's lily is quite distinct, but 
seems to be identical with L. tigrinum jucun- 
dum. Is sometimes called the red L. Leicht- 
lini. Origin is obscure. 




L. monadelphum — the Caucasian lily 



SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 83 

L. medeoloides. 

'Japan and Korea. Orange-red ; reflexed pet- 
als. Similar to L. avenaceum, but taller. 12 
ft. 

Difficult in cultivation. 

L. mirahile 

China. A variant of L. corifolium. 

L. monadelphum ^ Caucasian lily. 

Caucasus, Persia. Bright yellow, slightly 
tinged with purple; orange anthers; nodding; 
20 to 30 on raceme ; fragrant. July. 4 to 6 ft. 

Thrives in good light loam, well drained, 
and in an open situation, but likes partial 
shade. Rarely does well the first year. Easily 
grown from seed. 

var. Szovitzianum — Straw color, spotted 
with black; brown anthers; larger 
blossoms ; strong scent. Sometimes 
classed as species, the stamens be- 
ing free at base whereas in the 
type they are joined. Better than 
type. Same as L. Scovitzianum. 

L. montanum See pJiiladelphicum. 

1 Syn. L. colchicum, L. Loddigesianum, L. Ledebouri and L. 
Szovitzianum. 



84 LILIES 

L. myriophyllum 

China. White, flushed with yellow in cen- 
ter; outside of petals streaked with brown and 
tipped with pink. Fine, narrow foliage. Re- 
sembles L. Brownii leiicantkum, but blossoms 
smaller and more funnel-shaped and blooms 
earlier. In general it has more refinement. 
July. 3 to 4 ft. 

Hardy and vigorous. Thrives in any good 
peaty soil, when acclimatized. 

L, neilgherrense Neilgherry lily. 

India. Pale yellow, purplish on outside; 
thick petals; trumpet-shaped; one to three on 
Btalk. Distinct, delicate aroma. September. 

3 to 4 ft. 

Too tender for outdoors and even in pots 
needs frequent renewal. Blooms w^ell first sea- 
son, but inclined not to do so thereafter. 
Plant in equal parts of loam, peat and sand, 
preferably in a greeifliouse bed. 

L. nepalense Nepaul lily. 

Nepaul, India. Greenish yellow, with deep 
purple base; funnel-shaped; 5 in. across; seg- 
ments recurved ; slightly fragrant. September. 

4 to 6 ft. 

This very striking lily has flowered outdoors 
in Devonshire and Cornwall, England, but 
there only in a sheltered position. In col<i 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBKIDS 85 

climates should be cultivated in a greenhouse. 
Prefers a moist, peaty soil and a light position 
•where it is in no danger of being scorched by 
the summer sun. 

L. nigrum Black lily. 

Dubious species ; syn. Sarana kamschatkensis 
and Fritillaria^ kamschatica. 

L. nitidum See columhianium. 

L. occidentale 

Orange red, with crimson tips and black 
spots. 2 to 4 ft. 

L. ochroleucum See sulphureum. 

L, ochraceum 

China. 

L. oxypetalum See yunnanense. 

L. odorum See Brownii and japonicwm. 

L, papilliferum 

Yunnan, China. Dull red. Form of L. su- 
perhum. 

L. pardaUnum ^ Panther lily. 

California. Bright red, lower parts of pet- 
als orange with red spots; variable in color; 

1 Syn. L, calif ornicum. 



86 LILIES 

large; strongly recurved; 20 to 30 on stem; 
long blooming period. Very stately, with 
whorls of dark green leaves. July. 6 to 9 ft. 
Very hardy and robust. Fine for the gar- 
den. Does well in good well-drained garden 
loam, but prefers moist, peaty soil in sun or 
partial shade. Must have plenty of light and 
air and protection from high winds. Dislikes 
being disturbed and blooms poorly first season. 
Increases rapidly. 

var. angustif olium — range red, with 

brown spots; slender growth. 
var. Bourgaei — Darker than type and 

more robust, 
var. californicum — Deep orange; maroon 

spotted, scarlet tips. Same as L. 

californicum. 
var. luteum — Orange, spotted with crim- 
son. 
var. Ellacombei — Smaller and later than 

type. 
var. 'Johnson i — ^Fine British Columbia 

kind. 
var. Michauxii — Same as Ellacombei and 

L. carolinianum. 
var. minor — Beautiful early form, 
var. pallidif olium' — L i g h t e r color and 

smaller blossoms. 
var. parviflorum — Same as minor. Same 

as L. parviflorum and L. Sayi. 




c 
a; 

u 

b/) 

a; 



■"Si 



SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 87 

var. puberiilum — Same as pallidifolium x 

L. puherulum. 
var. Ked Giant — Burbank hybrid, crimson 

and red, spotted maroon, 
var. Roezlii — Bright yellow, purplish 

brown dots in center; leaves rarely 

in whorls. Same as L. Roezlii. 
var. Robinsoni — Strongest grower and 

deepest color, 
var. Warei — Beautiful, apricot shade. 

L. ParJcmanni Parkmann's lily. 

Garden hybrid, L. auratum x L. speciosum. 

"White, spotted and banded with crimson. 
One of the finest of hybrids, but disease caused 
it to almost, or quite, disappear from cultiva- 
tion. 

L. Parryi Parry's lily. 

California. Citron, the inner bases shaded 
with light brown; brown anthers; funnel- 
shaped; pendulous; several on stem; delicate 
fragrance. June, July. 3 to 5 ft. 

Easily cultivated, but net very strong. Ad- 
mirable yellow lily. Plant in moist, but well- 
drained, peaty soil in partial shade and where 
sheltered from wind. In California this lily 
is found at an altitude of 7,000 to 10,000 ft. in 
alpine meadows and near streams where the 
soil is about two-thirds granitic sand and one- 
third peat or vegetable mold. 



88 LILIES 

L. parviflorum ^ Small-flowered lily. 

California. Golden yellow, spotted brown. 
June. 31/2 ft. 

L. parvum Little lily. 

Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Light 
orange, tipped with red; drooping; recurved 
petals; several on stalk. June, July. 4 to 5 
ft. 

Constitution not very strong. Prefers moist, 
but well-drained, peaty soil in partial shelter 
from sun and wind. 

var. flore-pleno — Double form. 

var. hybridum^ — Richly colored hybrid. 

var. luteum — All yellow. 

L. penduUflorum See canadense, 

L. peregrinum 

Asia Minor. 



L. philadelphicum Wood lily.^ 

Eastern United States and Canada. Scarlet, 
center yellow, dotted with maroon ; cup-shaped ; 
very narrow segments. July, August. 18 in. 
Southern form, L. Masseyi, has narrow perianth 
segments and western form, L. montanum, has 
broader leaves. 

1 Syn. L. columbianiim , L. imrdalinum minor and L. Sayi. 

2 Known also as wild orange-red lily and Philadelphia lily. 



SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 89 

Very hardy, but rather uncertain in the gar- 
den. Requires good soil, preferably with leaf- 
mold. Grows naturally both in thin woods and 
fully exposed places and will stand sun or 
shade if there is a low ground cover. 

L. philippinense Philippine lily. 

Philippines. White; similar to L, longi- 
florum, but more drooping and generally sol- 
itary; fragrant. A tropical form of L. longi- 
florum, taller and with extremely narrow 
leaves. 

Has proved hardy in Ohio with protection, 
but perished in Connecticut. Too tender for 
northern winter and even in the greenhouse 
not very robust. Requires moist, but well- 
drained, peaty soil in partly shaded and shel- 
tered position. Must be watched carefully. 

L. polyphyllum 

Western Himalayas. Greenish yellow, 
tinged inside with purple ; turban-shaped ; 4 to 
6 on stalk; fragrant. August, September. 2 
to 5 ft. 

Very tender and dislikes winter wet. Has 
been grown in open air in England and North- 
ern Wales, but there is better under glass. 
Even in a greenhouse the bulbs are likely to 
perish after flowering. Plant in loam, peat and 
sand. Will grow in fairly dry loam, but in 
India is found in gravel and vegetable soil on 
northern slopes. 



90 LILIES 

L. pomponium^ Turban lily.^ 

Northern Italy. Vermilion red, strongly re- 
flexed. Similar to L. chalcedonicum, but ear- 
lier. Very strong scent. June. 3 to 4 ft. 
Also called L. p. verum. 

Very hardy. It is among oldest of border 
lilies. Plant in light soil, well drained. 

var. aureum — ^Yellow. The same as L. 
pomponium pyrenaicum (see L. pyrenaicum). 

L. primulinum ^ Primrose lily. 

Upper Burmah. Soft primrose yellow; 
large ; trumpet-shaped. 

Quite tender. In cold climates suitable only 
for greenhouse culture. 

L. puberulum See Humholdtii and pardalinum. 

L. pulchellum punctatum See concolor. 

L. pumilum See tenuifolium. 

L. Purdyi Purdy's lily. 

Washington and British Columbia. Orange 
red, spotted; fragrant. 2 to 5 ft. 

1 Syn. L. ruhrum and L. angustifolium. 

2 Known also as scarlet pompone. 

3 Syn. L. claptonense (suppressed) and L. Davidi. 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 91 

L. pyrenaicum^ Yellow Turk's cap lily. 

Greenish yellow, with greenish spots; re- 
flexed petals; 10 or so on stalk; very small; 
odor disagreeable, but faint. Foliage narrow 
and very dense. May, June. 2 ft. Some- 
times called L. p. flavum. 

Quite hardy, and long grown in cottage gar- 
dens. Plant in loamy soil, in an open position. 

var. rubrum — Orange scarlet, spotted with 
maroon. 

L. Boezlii Koezl's lily. 

Orange red to yellow, spotted with purple; 
5 to 10 in raceme. Blossoms resemble those of 
L, Humholdtii in shape. June. 2 to 3 ft. 
Sometimes listed as species and sometimes as 
L. pardalinum Boezlii. 

L. roseum See japonicum and Thompsonianum. 

The name is confusing, referring alike to a 
true lily and a fritillary. 

L. rubellum Reddish lily. 

Japan. Introduced 1898. Deep rose, vary- 
ing to nearly white; yellow anthers; usually 
three on stalk ; fragrant. Similar to L. japoni- 
cum, but smaller and less open blossoms, broad- 
er leaves and shorter stems. May, June. 1^4 
ft. 
1 Syn. L. pomponium pyrenaicum. 



92 LILIES 

Fairly hardy in England. More reliable 
than L, japonicum, but bulbs likely to disap- 
pear. Easily renewed by seed. Vegetable soil 
and loam, preferably light and sandy, are the 
best for it. It has, however, thrived in poor 
and rather dry, stony soil under deciduous 
shrubs. Sometimes it has been found benefi- 
cial to place rubble around the bulb to prevent 
direct contact with the soil. This lily re- 
quires partial shade and is fine in thin wood- 
land or among low shrubs. In deep shade the 
bloom will be a lighter color. 

L. ruhescens See WasJimgtonianum. 

L. ruhrum See pomponium. 

L. sanguineum See elegans. 

L. Sargentiae Sargent's lily. 

China. Similar to L. Brownii leucanthum 
and possibly identical; but blossoms are held 
horizontally and seem to have richer shading 
of brown. August. 6 to 8 ft. 

L. Sayi See columhianum and parviflorum. 

L. sinemis See tigrinum. 

L. sinicum See concolor. 



SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBEIDS 93 

L, speciosum'^ Handsome lily.^ 

Japan. Introduced 1830. White, faintly 
flushed and spotted with crimson ; reflexed pet- 
als. August, September. 3 ft. 

Very hardy and one of the most reliable bor- 
der lilies. Does well in ordinary garden soil 
and in either sun or partial shade. Prefers 
deep, moist, sandy loam, with leaf-mold and 
peat. Protect with ground cover. 

var. albiflorum — ^White ; slight suffusion of 
pink, outside. Continental form. 

var. album — Same as albiflorum. 

var. album — Same as Kraetzeri. 

var. album Kraetzeri — Same as Kraetzeri. 

var. album novum — ^Anthers larger than 
Kraetzeri and not brown. 

var. Crown Princess — ^White. 

var. cruentum — Dwarf of Melpomene. 

var. gloriosides — ^White, spotted with pink. 

var. Kraetzer i — Pure white, greenish 
stripe halfway down petal, brown 
anthers. 

var. macranthum — Distinct deep rose kind. 

var. magnificum — J a p a n e s e variety of 
rubrum, rich and earlier than Mel- 
pomene. 

var. Melpomene — Deep crimson heavily 
spotted with narrow margin of 
white. 

1 Syn. L. lancifolium (erroneous; this belongs to L. elegans) . 

2 Known also as Japan lily. 



94 LILIES 

var. punctatum — "White, shaded and spot- 
ted pink. 

var. punctatum album — ^Weak constitu- 
tion; same as a. novum. 

var. purpureum — Same as Japanese rub- 
rum. 

var. roseum — Japanese form. Much pink- 
er than type. 

var. roseum multiflorum — Eesembles Mel- 
pomene. 

var. roseum superbum — Similar to Mel- 
pomene. Large. Early. 

var. rubrum — Japanese form. Still deep- 
er color. 

var. rubrum — Dutch form. "White, with 
heavy pink spots. 

var. Schrymakersii — Deep rose, spotted 
with purple. Early and free 
blooming form of rubrum. 

L. spedahile See dauricum. 

L, sulphureum ^ Sulphur lily. 

North Burmah. Creamy white, suffused with 
yellow inside and tinged with red on outside ; 
large ; tubular ; fragrant. This lily has bulbils 
in leaf axils. September. 6 ft. 

Fairly hardy for its class. Has flowered 
outdoors in England. Best grown in pots in 

1 Syn. L. ochroleucum and L. Wallichianum swperbvm. 



SPECIES, VARIETIES, HYBRIDS 95 

the open and removed to greenhouse for flower- 
ing. Easily cultivated and quite prolific. 

L, superhum Swamp lily.^ 

Eastern United States to Canada. Orange, 
flushed with scarlet and spotted with brown; 
recurved ; 12 to 30 on stem, in cone-shaped clus- 
ters. Color varies somewhat. July, August. 
6 to 8 ft. 

Very hardy. Highly satisfactory border 
lily. Does well in ordinary garden soil, if given 
good drainage, partial shade and a ground 
cover. Preference is for swampy soil, but any 
moist location will do. Good among low 
shrubs. 

var. Carolinianum — Southern type, Vir- 
ginia to Florida. Same as L. caro- 
linianum. 

L. Sutchueme Su-Tchuen lily. 

Eeddish orange, spotted with black. De- 
scribed as form of L. tenuifolium and also 
called syn. of L. Wallacei. 

L. Szovitzianum See monadelphum. 

L. Taliense Talien lily. 

China. White. Form of L. Martagon. 

1 Also known aa American Turk's Cap lily. 



96 LILIES 

L. tenuifolium Coral lily. 

Siberia, North China. Deep scarlet; waxen; 
strongly recurved ; very small ; 6 to 10 on stalk. 
Leaves dark green; very numerous. June, 
My. 11/2 ft. 

Quite hardy, but too delicate of growth to be 
with rank plants. Best in its fourth year, 
after which it dies away. Easily renewed by 
seed. Plant in good moist loam in cool and 
partly shaded location. 

var. Golden Gleam — Clear apricot. Very 

fine, 
var. pumilum^ — Stouter and taller stems, 

narrower leaves. Same as L. pum- 

ilum. 
var. stenophyllum — Same as pumilum. 

L, testaceum ^ Nankeen lily. 

Supposed natural hybrid, L. candidum x L. 
chalcedonicum or L. pomponium; but never 
found in wild state. 

Dull apricot, of quite unique shade; orange 
anthers; nodding; very fragrant, but fairly 
strong odor. Has texture of L. candidum but 
shape is along Martagon lines. Extremely 
graceful habit. June, July. 6 to 7 ft. 

Quite hardy and one of the choicest border 
lilies. Thrives in good light garden loam. 

1 Syn. L. excelsum and L. Isahellinum. 




L. tennifol'uim- 
the coral lily 



L. canadense — the 
Canada lily 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBEIDS 97 

Very fine in generous plantings among ferns or 
on the edge of woodland. Plant shallow. 

L. Thompsomanum Thompson's lily. 

Dubious species; syn. Fritillaria Thompson- 
ianum. Same as L. roseum. 

L. Thun'bergianum See elegaiis. 

L. tigrinum ^ Tiger lily. 

Japan, China. Orange red, spotted with 
deep purple ; large ; reflexed petals. July, Au- 
gust. 6 ft. 

Very hardy. Increases rapidly by self-sown 
bulbils. The bulbs are eaten in Japan and 
China. Thrives in almost any soil, but pre- 
fers friable sandy loam and peat or leaf-mold. 
Avoid drought and provide shelter from high 
winds. Plant 7 inches deep. 

var. flore-pleno — Best double lily, but far 

less beautiful than type. 
var. Fortune i — Flowers slightly paler, 

sometimes fifty on stem. 
var. Fortunei giganteum — Larger blossoms 

and greener stems. Woolly down 

on stems, 
var. Fortunei giganteum fl. pi. — Double 

variety of same. 

1 Syn. L. sinensis. 



98 LILIES 

var. jucundum — Vermilion, spotted with 
maroon; no bulbils. More slender 
and quite distinct. 

var. Leopoldii — Larger and brighter blos- 
soms, with larger and fewer spots ; 
fewer leaves; lower stems smooth 
and black. 

var. Maximowiczii — Same as jucundum. 

var. plenescens — Double. 

var. pseudo-tigrinum — Same as jucundum. 

var. splendens — Same as Leopoldii, the 
truQ splendens considered the best. 

L. TJld-uri {TJkeyiiri) See japoniciim. 

L. umiellatum See dauricum. 

L. Wallacei ^ Wallace 's lily. 

Japan ; possibly a garden hybrid. Kew calls 
it a variety of L. elegans. Rosy apricot, thick- 
ly spotted. Very graceful. July. 2 to 5 ft. 

Quite hardy in the border. Plant in a damp 
place ; this lily loves moisture. 

L. Wallichianum "Wallieh's lily. 

Central Himalayas. White, tinged with 
green on the outside ; funnel-shaped, 8 or 9 in. 
long with wide mouth; usually solitary; very 
strong perfume. July. 4 to 6 ft. 

1 Syn. L. elegans Wallacei and L. 8utchuense» 



SPECIES, VAEIETIES, HYBRIDS 99 

Too tender for northern mnters and rather 
difficult of culture. Requires peaty soil and 
a light position without full exposure. Does 
well in shrubbery where the winter is not too 
severe. 

var. superbum — Same as L. sulphureum. 

L. WasJihigtonianum Washington lily.^ 

Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. 
White, tinged with pink or red and dotted with 
purple; funnel-shaped, 6 in. across and nearly 
erect; refiexed petals; 12 to 20 on stalk; fra- 
grant. Color descriptions of this lily vary 
greatly. June. 3 to 5 ft. 

One of the best western lilies for eastern gar- 
dens, but rather difficult in cultivation when 
conditions are not quite right. Requires a deep 
soil of peat, leaf-mold and gritty loam, with 
perpetual moisture at the roots. Being a wood 
lily, it likes partial shade. 

var. minor — Of smaller growth. 

var. purpureum — Striking pinkish lilac 
variety found in Siskiyou Moun- 
tains in Cascade range. Of smaller 
growth and blossoms arranged dif- 
ferently on spike. 

yar. rubescens — ^White, changing to pink. 
Smaller, more compact and more 

1 Known also as Nevada lily. 



100 LILIES 

slender. A little less difficult than 
the type. 

L. yunnanense Yunnan lily. 

Yunnan, China. Pink; small; drooping; 1 
to 3 on stalk. Narrow leaves ; slender growth. 
1 to 2 ft. high. Probably allied to L. oxypeta- 
lum, now regarded as a fritillary. 

Kequires a peaty soil. 






a^^^^^ . ^m^-.^^ 




• J 



L. tigrinum, var. flore-pleno—ihe double tiger lily 



CHAPTEE XIII 

LILIES THAT ARE NOT LILIES 

The name lily has always been nsed very 
loosely in all garden talk that is not in Latin. 
So it has come about that there are many so- 
called lilies which are not lilies at all, in the 
true sense ; some of them are not even liliaceons, 
but belong to genera quite distinct botanically. 
A number of these are here grouped for easy 
reference. 

African — AgapantJius umhellatus. 

African corn — Ixia. 

Amazonian — Eucharis amazonica. 

Arum — Bichardia africana. 

Arum, golden — Richardia ElliotUana. 

Atamasco — Z ephyranthes Atamasco. 

Avalanche — Erythronium citrinum. 

Barbadoes spice — Amaryllis equestre. 
Belladonna — Amaryllis Belladonna, 
Bengal — Crinum longiflorum. 
Bermuda spice — Amaryllis Johnsoni. 
Black ^ — Sarana hamschatkensis. 

1 Same as Lilium nigrum (dubious species) and FriUllaria 
kamschatika, 

101 



102 LILIES 

Blackberry — Pardanthus cKinensis. 
Brisbane — Eurycles sylvestris. 
Butterfly — Hedychium coronarium. 

Caff re (Kaffir) — ScTiizostylis coccinea, 

Calla — Bichardia africana. 

Cape — Crinum Capense. 

Checkered — Fritillaria meleagris. 

Chilian — Alstroemeria cliilensis. 

Chinese sacred — Narcissus tazetta orientalis. 

Climbing — Gloriosa superha. 

Corfu — FunJcia suh cor data. 

Cuban — Scilla. 

Custard — Hemerocallis flava 

Day, blue — FunJcia ovata. 
Day, tawny — Hemerocallis fulva. 
Day, white — Funkia suhcordata. 
Day, yellow — Hemerocallis flava. 

Fairy — ZepTiyrantJies rosea. 
Fayal — Ornithogallum arahicum. 
Flax — Phormium tenax. 

Ginger — Hedychium coronarium. 
Glory — Gloriosa superha. 
Good Luck — Narcissus polyanthus, 
Guernsey — Nerine sarniensis. 

Herb — Alstroemeria. 

Inanda — Vyrtanthus sanguineus. 

^B/colSem — Amaryllis formosissima. 



LILIES NOT LILIES 103 

Lent — Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. 
Lotus — Nymphwa Lotus, 

Mariposa — Calochortus. 

Milk and wine — Crinum fimhriatulum. 

Mount Etna — Sternhergia lutea. 

Nassau — Crinum fimhriatulum. 
Natal — Moro&a iridioides. 

Of the field ^ — Sternhergia lutea. 
Of the Incas — Alstroemeria Pelegrina, 
Of the Nile — Bichardia africana. 
Of the palace — Aulica platypetala. 
Of the valley — Convallaria majalis. 

Persian — Fritillaria persica. 
Peruvian — Alstroemeria. 
Plantain — FunJcia. 
Pond, white — Nymphcea odorata. 
Pond, yellow — Nuphar advena. 

Queen — Flicedranassa. 
Queen — Curcuma petiola. 

Rain — Z epJiyranthes alba. 
Rush — Sisyrinchium. 

St. Bernard's — Anthericum liliago. 
St. Bruno's — Anthericum liliastrum. 
St. James — Sprekelia formosissima. 
Satin — Sisyrinchium Bermudianum. 
Scarborough — Vallota purpurea. 

iMay be Syrian red lily or the red anemone {A. ooronaria). 



104 LILIES 

Snake 's head — Fritillaria meleagris, 
Spanish — Pancratium Carihhceum. 
Spider — Tradescantia virginica. 
Spider — Pancratium Carihhceum. 
Swamp, Peruvian — Zephyranthes Candida. 
Sword — Gladiolus. 

Thompson's ^ — Fritillaria TJiompsonianum. 

Toad — Tricyrtis hirta. 

Torch — Tritoma uvaria. 

Trout — Erythronium americanum. 

Water, blue — Nympliwa zanzihariensis. 
Water, Cape Cod — Nymphcea ruhra. 
Water, fringed — LimnantJiemum peltatum. 
Water, Hoyal — Victoria regia. 
Water, white — Nymphcea odorata. 
Water, yellow — Nuphar advena. 
Wood — Trillium, 

The lily of antiquity was nndonbtedly L. can- 
didumj and therefore a true lily. In mythology 
this white lily {Rosa junonis) was supposed to 
have sprung from the milk of Hera. As the 
plant of purity, it was contrasted with the rose 
of Aphrodite. All through the Middle Ages 
tMs lily was the symbol of heavenly purity. As 
is indicated in the preceding table, there is eon- 
fusion of opinion as to whether the biblical 

1 Same as Lilium Thompsonianum (dubious species)". 



LILIES NOT LILIES 105 

'lilies of the field ^' were true lilies. Pliny 
mentions a red Syrian lily and in springtime the 
red anemone is a common flower of the Galilean 
hillsides; but there seems to be quite as good 
reason for surmising that the plant is Stern- 
hergia lutea. 



BIBLIOGEAPHY OF LILIES 

Review of the Order Liliaceas, J. G. Baker, 1874. 

Botanical Review of Genus, Botanical Gazette, 1899. 

Monograph of the Genus Lilium, 3!. H. Elwes, 1880. 

Report of Conference on Lilies (new species and 
varieties since 1880), ,*Iournal of the Royal Hor- 
ticultural Society, 1901. 

Lilies -for English Gardens, Gertrude Jekyll, 1903. 

The Book of the Lily, William Goldring, 1905. 

Notes on Lilies, A. Wallace. 



106 



INDEX 



INDEX 

Alexander's lily, L. Alexandrae, 60 

American Turk's Cap lily, L. superhum, 5, 7, 9, 18, 32, 36, 37, 

41, 43, 48, 51, 95 
Annunciation lily, L candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 

37, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 

Baker's lily, L. Bakeri, 62 

Bermuda lily, L. longiflorum, var. Harrisii, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 
' 42, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 79 
Black lily, L. nigrum, 85 
Bourbon lily, L. candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 

43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 
Brown's lily, L. Brownii, 4, 8, 21, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 57, 63 
Bulb-bearing lily, L. bulhiferum, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 40, 42, 63 
Burbank's lily, L. Burhanki, 41, 53, 57, 64 

Canada lily, L. canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 

57, 64 
Canadian lily, L. canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 

57, 64 
Carniolian lily, L. carniolicum, 5, 7, 10, 20, 40, 43, 66 
Carolina lily, L. carolinianum, 7, 19, 41, 57, 66 
Caucasian lily, L. monadelphum, 5, 8, 9, 22, 33, 41, 43, 45, 51, 

57, 85 
Coast lily, L. maritimum, 5, 6, 9, 28, 36, 81 
Coral lily, L. tenuifolium, 5, 8, 14, 22, 33, 41, 43, 48, 51, 96 

Dahurian lily, L. dauricum, 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 41, 42, 48, 51, 57 
Dalhanson lily, L. Dalhansoni, 53, 70 

Easter lily, L. longiflorum, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 
54, 56, 79 

109 



no INDEX 

Giant lily, L. giganteum, 3, 8, 24, 31, 43, 45, 47, 51, 57, 74 
Gold-banded lily, L. auratum, 1, 4, 8, 15, 31, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 

49, 54, 55, 57, 61 
Gold-rayed lily, L. auratum, 1, 4, 8, 15, 31, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 

49, 54, 55, 57, 61 
Gray's lily, L. Grayi, 5, 7, 19, 41, 43, 74 

Japan lily, L. auratum, 1, 4, 8, 15, 31, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 

54, 55, 57, 61 
Japan lily, L. speciosum, 1, 4, 8, 12, 14, 35, 41, 48, 49, 54, 56, 

93 
Japanese lily, L. japonicum, 4, 8, 25, 42, 47, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 

77 
Japanese yellow Martagon lily, L. Hansoni, 5, 8, 9, 20, 33, 35, 

39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 75 
June lily, L. candidiim, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 3G, 37, 40, 43, 

45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 

Handsome lily, L. speciosum, 1, 4, 8, 12, 14, 35, 41, 48, 49, 54, 

56, 93 
Hanson's lily, L. Hansoni, 5, 8, 9, 20, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 

75 
Heart-leaved lily, L. cordifoUum, 3, 8, 25, 43, 47, 69 
Henry's lily, L. Henryi, 4, 8, 13, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 48, 51, 75 
Humboldt's lily, L. Eumholdiii, 5, 6, 26, 27, 31, 43, 45, 76 

Kellogg's lily, L. Kelloggii, 5, 6, 28, 57, 78 

Kew lily, L. Keicense, 53, 78 

Kramer's lily, L. japonicum, 4, 8, 25, 42, 47, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 

77 

Leiclitlin's lily, L. LeicUlini, 5, 8, 29, 42, 48, 79 
Little lily, L. parvum, 5, 6, 28, 43, 88 
Low's lily, L. Lowii, 4, 8, 28, 47, 80 

Lilium Alexandrae, 60 

angustifolium, 61 
auraniiacum, 61 



INDEX 111 

lAUum auratum, I, 4, 8, 15, 31, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 54, 55, 

57,61 
avenaceum, 5, 8, 29, 62 
Bakeri, 62 
BaJcerianum, 62 
Batemanniae^ 62 
Berensi, 62 
Bloomerianum , 62 
Bolanderi, 62 

Brownii, 4, 8, 21, 33, 35, 41, 42, 48, 57, 63 
hulhiferum, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 40, 42, 63 
Burhanki, 41, 53, 57, 64 
californicum, 64 
callosum, 5, 8, 29, 64 

canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 57, 64 
candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 

48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 
carnioUcum, 5, 7, 10, 20, 40, 43, 66 
carolinianum, 7, 19, 41, 57, 66 
Cateshaei, 4, 7, 27, 66 
Cattaniae, 66 

chalcedonicum, 5, 7, 10, 16, 33, 40, 43, 67 
claptonense, 67 
Colchesterense, 67 
colchicum, 67 

ColumManum, 5, 6, 19, 41, 43, 67 
concolor, 4, 8, 18, 33, 36, 40, 42, 48, 68 
cordifolium, 3, 8, 25, 43, 47, 69 
coridion, 4, 8, 69 

croceum, 1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 14, 16, 36, 41, 42, 48, 51, 69 
dahuricum, 69 
Dalhansoni, 53, 70 
dalmaticum, 70 

dauricum, 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 41, 42, 48, 51, 70 
Davidi, 71 
davuricum, 71 
Delavayi, 71 



112 INDEX 

Lilium elegans, 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 33, 41, 42, 48, 59, 71 
excelsum, 73 
eximium, 73 
Fargesi, 73 
formosum, 73 
fulgens, 74 

giganteum, 3, 8, 24, 31, 43, 45, 47, 51, 57, 74 
Qrayi, 5, 7, 19, 41, 43, 74 

Eansoni, 5, 8, 9, 20, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 75 
Earrisii, 75 
Eeldreichi, 5, 75 

Eenryi, 4, 8, 13, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 48, 51, 75 
Eumholdtii, 5, 6, 26, 27, 31, 43, 45, 76 
Isahellinum, 77 
Jankae, 5, 7, 9, 20, 41, 77 

japonicum, 4, 8, 25, 42, 47, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 77 
Eelloggii, 5, 6, 28, 57, 78 
Kewense, 53, 78 
Krameri, 78 
landfolium, 78 
Lankongense, 79 
Ledehouri, 79 

Leichtlini, 5, 8, 29, 42, 48, 79 
Loddigesianum, 79 
longiflorum, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 

79 
Lowii, 4, 8, 28, 47, 80 
maculatum, 81 
Marhan, 20, 41, 48, 53, 81 
maritimum, 5, 6, 9, 28, 36, 81 
Martagon, 5, 7, 10, 15, 16, 33, 35, 37, 41, 43, 46, 51, 

57, 81 
Masseyi, 82 
Maximoiuiczii, 82 
meleoloides, 4, 8, 29, 83 
mirabile, 83 
monadelphum, 5, 8, 9, 22, 33, 41, 43, 45, 51, 57, 83 



INDEX 113 

Lilium montanum, 83 

myriophyllum, 4, 8, 21, 41, 84 

neilgherrense, 4, 8, 28, 42, 47, 48, 56, 84 

nepalense, 4, 8, 28, 42, 47, 84 

nigrum, 85 

nitidum, 85 

occidentale, 85 

ochroleucum, 85 

ochraceum, 85 

oxypetalum, 85 

odorum, 85 

'papilliferum, 85 

pardalinum, 5, 6, 9, 18, 19, 33, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 85 

Parkmanni, 87 

Parri/i, 4, 6, 26, 27, 43, 48, 57, 87 

parviflorum, 5, 6, 88 

parvum, 5, 6, 28, 43, 88 

penduliftorum, 88 

peregrinum, 88 

philadelphicum, 4, 7, 9, 18, 27, 36, 43, 88 

philippinense, 4, 47, 56, 89 

polyphyllum, 5, 8, 29, 47, 89 

pomponium, 5, 7, 9, 10, 20, 34, 35, 41, 43, 57, 90 

primulinum, 4, 8, 28, 48, 90 

puherulum, 90 

pulchellum punctatum, 90 

pumilum, 90 

Purdyi, 90 

pyrenaicum, 5, 7, 10, 20, 41, 43, 57, 91 

Roezliiy 91 

roseum, 91 

ruhellum, 4, 8, 25, 36, 42, 48, 49, 61, 67, 58, 91 

ruhescens, 92 

rutrum, 92 

sanguineum, 92 

Sargentiae, 92 

i8fat/i, 92 



114 INDEX 

Lilium sinensis, 92 
sinicum, 92 

speoiosum, 1, 4, 8, 12, 14, 35, 41, 48, 49, 54, 56, 93 
spectahile, 94 

sulphureum, 4, 8, 28, 42, 48, 52, 57, 94 
superbum, 5, 7, 9, 18, 32, 36, 37, 41, 43, 48, 51, 95 
Sutchuense, 95 
Szovitzianum, 95 
Taliense, 95 

tenuifolium, 5, 8, 14, 22, 33, 41, 43, 48, 51, 9G 
testaceum, 5, 19, 34, 35, 30, 41, 43, 44, 48, 52, 54, 57, 96 
Thompsonianum, 97 
Thunbergiamim, 97 

tigrinum, 1, 4, 8, 13, 14, 36, 38, 41, 42, 48, 57, 97 
Vki-uri {Ukeyuri) , 98 
umbellatuni, 98 
Wallacei, 4, 8, 93 
Wallichiamim, 4, 8, 29, 48, 98 
Washingtoniamim, 4, 6, 9, 26, 31, 43, 60, 99 
yunnanense, 8, 100 

Madonna lily, L. candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 

43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 
Maihan lily, L. Marhan, 20, 41, 48, 53, 81 
Meadow lily, L. canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 

57, 64 

Nankeen lily, L. testaceum, 5, 19, 34, 35, 36, 41, 43, 44, 48, 52, 

54, 57, 96 
Neilgherry lily, L. neilgherrense, 4, 8, 28, 42, 47, 48, 56, 84 
Nepaul lily, L. nepalense, 4, 8, 28, 42, 47, 84 
Nevada lily, L. Washing tonianum, 4, 6, 9, 26, 31, 43, 60, 99 

Oat-seale lily, L. avenaceum, 5, 8, 29, 62 

Orange lily, L. croceum, 1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 14, 16, 36, 41, 42, 48, 51, 

69 
Oregon lily, L, Columhianum, 5, 6, 19, 41, 43, 67 



INDEX 115 

panther lily, L. pardaUnum, 5, 6, 9, 18, 19, 33, 41, 43, 45, 46, 

48, 85 
Parkmann's lily, L. Parkmanni, 87 
Parry's lily, L. Parryi, 4, 6, 26, 27, 43, 48, 57, 87 
Philadelphia lily, L. 'pMladelpMcum, 4, 7, 9, 18, 27, 36, 43, 88 
Philippine lily, L. philippinense, 4, 47, 56, 89 
Primrose lily, L. primulinum, 4, 8, 28, 48, 90 
Purdy's lily, L. Purdyi, 90 
Purple Martagon lily, L. Martagon, 5, 7, 10, 15, 16, 33, 35, 37, 

41, 43, 46, 51, 57, 81 

Red lily, L. chalcedonicum, 5, 7, 10, 16, 33, 40, 43, 67 
Eed star lily, L. concolor, 4, 8, 18, 33, 36, 40, 42, 48, 68 
Reddish lily, L. ruhellum, 4, 8, 25, 36, 42, 48, 49, 51, 57, 58, 91 
Roezl's lily, L. Roezlii, 91 

St. Joseph's lily, L. longifiorum, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 

50, 54, 56, 79 
Sargent's lily, L. Sargentiae, 92 
Scarlet Martagon lily, L. chalcedonicum, 5, 7, 10, 16, 33, 40, 43, 

67 
Scarlet pompone lily, L. pomponium, 5, 7, 9, 10, 20, 34, 35, 41, 

43, 57, 90 
Small-flowered lily, L. parviflorum, 5, 6, 88 
Southern red lily, L. Cateshaei, 4, 7, 27, 66 
Spotted lily, L. Hansoni, 5, 8, 9, 20, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 

75 
Sulphur lily, L. sulphureum, 4, 8, 28, 42, 48, 52, 57, 94 
Su-Tchuen lily, L. Sutchuense, 95 
Swamp lily, L. superhum, 5, 7, 9, 18, 32, 36, 37, 41, 43, 48, 51, 

95 • 

Talien lily, L. Taliense, 95 

Thompson's lily, L. Thorn psonianum, 97 

Thunbergian lily, L. elegans, 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 33, 41, 42, 48, 59, 

71 
Tiger lily, L. tigrinum, I, 4, 8, 13, 14, 36, 38, 41, 42, 48, 57, 97 



116 INDEX 

Trumpet lily, L. longiflorum, 4, 8, 21, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 

54, 56, 79 
Turban lily, L. pomponium, 5, 7, 9, 10, 20, 34, 35, 41, 43, 57, 90 
Turk's cap lily, L. chalcedonicum, 5, 7, 10, 16, 33, 40, 43, 67 
Turk's cap lily, L. Martagon, 5, 7, 10, 15, 16, 33, 35, 37, 41, 43, 

46, 51, 57, 81 

Wallace's lily, L. Wallacei, 4, 8, 98 

Wallich's lily, L. Wallichianum, 4, 8, 29, 48, 98 

Washington lily, L. W ashing tonianum, 4, 6, 9, 26, 31, 43, 60, 99 

White lily, L. candidum, 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 

43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65 
Wild orange-red lily, L. philadelphicum, 4, 7, 9, 18, 27, 36, 43, 

88 
Wild yellow lily, L. canadense, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48, 

57, 64 
Wood lily, L. philadelphicum, 4, 7, 9, 18, 27, 36, 43, 88 

Yellow speciosum lily, L. Benryi, 4, 8, 13, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 

48, 51, 75 
Yellow Turk's cap lily, L. pyrenaicum, 5, 7, 10, 20, 41, 43, 57, 

91 
Yunnan lily, L. yunnanense, 8, 100 



FLOWER MONOGRAPHS 

LILIES 

(In preparation) 
PRIMROSES 
BELLFLOWERS 
PHLOX 
IRIS 
PINKS 

All to be uniform with Lilies. 
Each volume $1 net; postage 10c. 



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